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International transmission of economic disturbances under floating exchange rates /Kwak, Tae Woon January 1985 (has links)
No description available.
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A comparative Afrocentric analysis of China's foreign policy towards Africa : the case studies of Zambia and Zimbabwe, 2010 to 2018Legodi, Lebogang Tiego January 2021 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. (International Politics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / This thesis analyses China’s foreign policy towards Africa. Given that the rich literature on the discourse employs “traditional” theories such as realism, liberalism and social constructivism, the researcher employs an alternative theory of Afrocentricity on China-Africa relations. As an emerging theory in International Politics that is grounded and orientated in African value systems, Afrocentricity provides an alternative perspective in making sense of Global South relations. The study further makes use of case study design to make a comparative analysis of China’s engagement in Africa. The two African states utilised as case studies includes Zambia and Zimbabwe, respectively. The usage of two case studies allowed the researcher to showcase how internal politics of African states influence to some extent; China’s engagements in the continent.
Despite the two China-Africa policy of 2006 and 2015, this thesis argues that China’s relations with each African state is unique. The generalisation on several findings of China’s engagement with one African state observed in the existing literature enforces the epistemic violence on the rest of African states in terms of the explanation and understanding of their bilateral relations with China. This is so because China’s engagement with one state cannot be regarded as a microcosm of China’s engagement with the rest of African states in formal diplomatic relations with it. Unlike the dominant theories that problematise China-Africa relations, Afrocentricity proposes a holistic approach on making sense of Sino-Africa relations.
The thesis comparatively explore China’s foreign policy towards Zambia and Zimbabwe from the year 2010 to 2018. In doing so, qualitative approach was conducted. Data source triangulation was utilised in addressing the research problem to enhance the credibility and dependability of the study. The study made us of thematic analysis by analysing data by theme and sub-themes. The thesis finds that China’s relations with African states is still a debated terrain with different views. The views can be quite misleading if focused on one specific state or project under study.
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More so, China’s engagements become more explicit when explored at both regional and continental context. The study further denotes the ignored reality that China does not only prioritise rich oil states in the continent. Instead, there are quite a number of interests pursued by China in Africa such as mineral resources; investments, markets as well as farming and commercial agriculture driving China’s engagement in Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively. The thesis also reflects on China’s extent of abiding to the principles of peaceful co-existence in its relations with Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Amongst the recommendations of this study and way forward is that future research on China-Africa relations could explore other African states in bilateral relations with it. This would assist in deviating from the generalised view of China-Africa relations which is not detailed and does not assist in showcasing comprehensive reality on the ground. Alternatively, scholars can consider the same case studies and make use of different delimitations to help detect if there is any gradual shift of China’s foreign policy from the years focused in this study. Upcoming works can consider contributions of China-Africa relations from a non-western perspective such as Afrocentricity employed in this study.
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International economic integration and financial contagion vulnerability : the case of South AfricaZamuee, Zanata Clarence 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The phenomenon of globalisation has seen the closer integration of the world's
countries and people. The result of this, is that overall, the world economy has grown
substantially. On the flip side, globalisation has greatly increased the exposure of
individual countries to occurrences elsewhere in the world. This latter statement is
witnessed by the events such as the spread of financial crises from source countries to
third party countries that do not seem to have any obvious ties with the crisis-source
countries. This has been termed financial contagion.
This study seeks to break new ground by focussing on trade-related issues of contagion
rather than presenting the usual macro-economic, financial, and political perspectives. A
model that considers the trade pattern of countries as linkages tying together countries
around the world as a whole (network) is used. This study uses the network approach to
international trade as an integration measure and ascertains the occurrence of
contagion in South Africa. These parameters will then be used to establish whether
trade network integration can be used to explain financial contagion affecting South
Africa (and extended to other countries). Two hypotheses are designed and tested in
order to establish this.
Two measures are used to determine the level of integration of the four study countries.
The two measures are country centrality and country importance index. Comparative
analysis done showed that all four countries are relatively highly integrated and are in
close proximity for both degree centrality and importance. A summary of both indicators
of integration measures relative to other countries in the trade network indicate that
Mexico, Russia, South Africa and Thailand are well integrated in the network. Secondly
the difference in ranking amongst these countries is not significant.
Three financial crises are used namely, the Mexican Tequila (1994), the Asian Flu
(1997) and the Russian Virus (1998). The contagion testing methodology applied uses
the cross-market correlation coefficients between crisis-country and test-country. It is
shown that there is no evidence to suggest that South Africa (JSE) was contagiously
affected by any of the three financial crises. Only interdependence seems to have
existed between the South African market and the crises countries.
Evidence shows that countries that are, relatively, highly integrated with the crisis
epicentre in terms of the international trade are more immune to episodes of contagion.
It is shown further that the relative position of the crisis-suspect country to the crisis epicentre
countries, in terms of integration in the international economic landscape, can
provide susceptibility indications of that particular country. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fenomeen van globalisering het gelei tot 'n groter integrasie van die wereld se
lande en mense. Die gevolg hiervan is, dat oor die algemeen die wereld ekonomie
beduidend gegroei het. Aan die ander kant het globalisering gelei tot die toename in
blootstelling van individuele lande aan gebeurtenisse elders in die wereld.
Die laasgenoemde stelling getuig van die gebeure, soos die verspreiding van finansiele
krisisse vanaf die land van oorsprong tot 'n derde party land wat op die oog af geen
ooglopende bande met die krisis-bron lande gehad het nie. Hierdie verskynsel word
finansiele besmetting genoem.
Hierdie studie beoog om nuwe lig te werp op die saak deur om te fokus op handelsverwante
kwessies van besmetting eerders as om die gewone makro-ekonomiese,
finansiele en politieke perspektiewe voor te le.
'n Model word gebruik wat die handelspatrone van lande voorstel as 'n samesnoering
van lande dwarsoor die wereld as 'n netwerk. Hierdie studie gebruik die netwerk
uitgangspunt vir internasionale handel, as 'n integrasie maatstaf en stel vas wat die
voorkoms van besmetting in Suid-Afrika is.
Hierdie parameters sal dan gebruik word om vas te stel handelsnetwerk integrasie
gebruik kan word om die finansiele besmetting wat Suid Alrika (en verspreiding na
ander lande) affekteer. Twee hipotese (veronderstellings) word ontwerp en getoets om
bogenoemde te bewys.
Twee maatstawwe word gebruik om die vlak van integrasie van die vier studie-lande te
bepaal. Die twee maatstawwe is 'n land se sentralisasie en die land se belangrikheidsindeks.
Vergelykende analise het gewys dat al vier lande relatief hoogs geintegreer is en
parallel is in beide sentralisasie en belangrikheid.
'n Opsomming van beide aanduidings t.o.v. integrasie maatstawwe, relatief tot ander
lande in die handelsnetwerk, toon dat Meksiko, Rusland en Thailand goed geintegreer
is in die netwerk. Tweedens die verskil in rang tussen die lande is nie beduidend nie.
Drie finansiele krisisse word gebruik naamlik die Meksikaanse Tequila (1994), die
Asiatiese Griep (1997) en die Russiese Virus (1998). Die besmettings waarnemings
metodologie gebruik die krisismark korrelasie medewerkende faktore tussen die krisisland
en die toets-land. Dit wys dat daar geen getuienis is wat te kenne gee dat Suid
Afrika (JSE) besmet is deur enige van die drie krisisse nie. Slegs onderlinge
afhanklikheid kom voor tussen die Suid Afrikaanse mark en die krisislande.
Dit is bewys dat lande, wat relatief hoog geintegreer is met die krisis episenter, in terme
van internasionale handel, meer immuun teen episodes van besmetting is. Verder het
dit bewys dat die relatiewe posisie van die krisis-vermeende land tot die krisis episenter
lande, in terme van integrasie in die internasionale ekonomiese landskap, vatbare
indikasies vir daardie spesifieke land kan verskaf.
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Globalisation, global governance and the reform of the global economySchafer, Siegfried Rolf 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: After the end of the Cold War hopes were high for a freer, fairer new world order.
This did not happen. What the world got instead was globalisation - a complex
phenomenon born from the interaction of political and economic liberalisation and
technological change. Much of the impetus behind globalisation was derived
from the prescriptions of the so-called Washington Consensus, which given its
powerful influence in developing countries forced them to integrate into the global
economy - to the point that integration became a virtual substitute for
development policy.
The benefits of globalisation were unevenly spread around the world and those
who had most, stood to gain most from it. While Multinational Corporations and
inhabitants of the developed world were definite winners the losers included
workers, the environment and financial market stability. As the full impact of
globalisation was beginning to be felt criticism of the process emerged
particularly, but not exclusively, from the NGO community and left-leaning
commentators. These critics are diverse and do not have much in common, but
have at times created alliances of convenience. Most critics however agree that
international organisations play an important part in globalisation and that in
order to impact on globalisation they would have to impact on these
organisations.
A particularly abundant area of criticism relates to the threats posed to the global
commons. There is very little agreement though on how to deal with the threats.
Suggestions range from a return to subsistence production and disengagement
from the international trade system to using market forces and new technologies
to benefit the global environment.
Among the organisations with most critics are the International Monetary Fund
and World Bank. A variety of factors contribute to the need for international
financial institutions reform. These include: the blurring of their missions; the
ineffectiveness of their assistance; and lack of transparency and accountability.
The international financial institutions have however been remarkably effective at
shielding themselves from calls for reform. The reasons for this are not only
political (lack of agreement on required reforms) but also institutional
(management siding with powerful stakeholders or pursuing their own agenda).
The World Trade Organisation is another target of criticism. As with the
international financial institutions the exact nature of future reforms is impossible
to surmise, nevertheless environmental and development issues are certainly on
the agenda. Decision-making is also likely to be revisited, with the focus being
on reconciling effectiveness with representativeness. What is least likely to
happen though is what is most needed - a thorough assessment of the World
Trade ..Organisation's role in global governance and its relations with other institutions. This will not be possible without a rebalancing of power between the
World Trade Organisation and international financial institutions on one side, and
the UN family of institutions on the other.
Reforming current systems of global governance may also involve creating new
organisations. While there are a host of institutions active in global governance
there is no formal mechanism to coordinate their efforts. This is where a UN
Economic Security Council can playa major role, not least because such a body
would give the international system a degree of legitimacy that it has so far
lacked. A World Central Bank is however not an institution likely to be seen in
the foreseeable future - it is too complex and many states will not give up
monetary sovereignty as it impacts on too many other policy areas.
It is widely acknowledged that a Currency Transaction Tax will go a considerable
way in stabilising the international monetary system, while at the same time
raising funds to finance global development. It is an elegant solution that is
gaining political support worldwide. The institutional arrangements for its
implementation and collection are however still subject to much debate.
These are only a few possible ways in which the global economy may be
reformed in the short to medium term. In the long term the most likely outcome is
a loosely structured web of institutions that together form something akin to
global federalism / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na die einde van die Koue Oorlog is groot hoop gekoester vir 'n vryer,
regverdiger nuwe wêreld orde. Dit het nooit gebeur nie. Instede daarvan het die
wêreld globalisering gekry - 'n komplekse verskynsel gebore uit die interaksie
van politieke en ekonomiese liberalisering en tegnologiese verandering. 'n Groot
deel van die impetus agter globalisering het sy ontstaan in die voorskrifte van die
sogenaamde Washington Konsensus, wat gegewe sy invloed in die
ontwikkelende wêreld baie state gedwing het om in die wêreldekonomie te
integreer - tot die punt dat integrasie byna 'n alternatief vir ontwikkelingsbeleid
geword het.
Die voordele van globalisering was ongelyk versprei, en die wat meeste gehad
het, het gestaan om meeste voordeel daaruit te trek. Terwyl multinasionale
maatskappye en inwoners van die ontwikkelde wêreld ongetwyfelde wenners
was, was werkers, die omgewing en finansiële mark stabiliteit onder die
verloorders. Soos wat die impak van globalisering meer en meer gevoel is het
dit ook kritiek ontlok, veral - maar nie alleenlik - uit nie-regeringsorganisasie
kringe en van linksgesinde kommentators. Alhoewel hierdie kritici nie veel in
gemeen het nie, het hulle by tye gemaksalliansies gevorm. Die meeste kritici
stem egter saam dat internasionale organisasies 'n belangrike rol speel in
globalisering en dat om 'n impak op globalisering te maak dit nodig is om 'n
impak op hierdie organisasies te maak.
'n Besonder vrugbare area van kritiek hou verband met bedreigings tot die
sogenaamde "globale meent". Daar is egter baie min instemming oor hoe om die
bedreigings te hanteer. Voorstelle wissel van 'n terugkeer na bestaansproduksie
en terugtrede van die internasionale handelstelsel tot die gebruik van mark
kragte en nuwe tegnologie tot voordeel van die wêreld omgewing.
Onder die organisasies met van die meeste kritici is die Internasionale Monetêre
Fonds en die Wêreld Bank. 'n Verskeidenheid faktore dra by tot die behoefte
aan hervorming van die internasionale finansiële instellings. Hierdie sluit in: die
verwarring van hulle onderskeie missies, die oneffektiwiteit van hulle bystand, en
'n gebrek aan deursigtigheid en verantwoording. Die internasionale finansiële
instellings is egter besonder effektief daarin om hulself van oproepe om
hervorming te isoleer. Die redes hiervoor is nie net polities nie (gebrek aan
ooreenstemming oor vereiste hervormings) maar ook institusioneel (bestuur kies
kant met invloedryke rolspelers of streef hul eie agenda na).
Die Wêreld Handelsorganisasie is nog 'n teiken van kritiek. Soos met die
internasionale finansiële instellings is dit nie moontlik om die presiese aard van
moontlike hervormings te raai nie, desnieteenstaande is omgewings- en
ontwikkellingskwessies definitief op die agenda. So ook is besluitneming, met
die doel om effektiwiteit en verteenwoordigendheid te versoen. Wat egter mees nodig is, is mins waarskynlik om te gebeur - 'n deurtastende ondersoek na die
rol van die Wêreld Handelsorganisasie in wêreld besluitneming en sy
verhoudings met ander internasionale instellings. Verandering in hierdie opsig is
egter nie moontlik sonder 'n herbalansering van tussen die Wêreld
Handelsorganisasie en die internasionale finansiële instellings aan die een kant
en die VN familie van instellings aan die ander nie.
Hervorming van huidige stelsels van wêreld besluitneming mag ook die skepping
van nuwe organisasies behels. Terwyl daar etlike aktiewe organisasies in wêreld
besluitneming is, is daar geen formele meganisme om hul aktiwiteite te koordineer
nie. In hierdie opsig kan 'n VN Ekonomiese Veiligheidsraad 'n
belangrike rol speel, veral omdat so 'n instelling 'n mate van legitimiteit aan die
internasionale stelsel kan gee wat dit tot dusver nie gehad het nie. 'n Wêreld
Sentrale Bank is egter 'n instelling wat nie in die voorsienbare toekoms die lig sal
sien nie - dis te kompleks en baie state sal nie monetêre soewereiniteit wil
prysgee nie omrede dit op te veel ander beleidsareas impakteer.
Dit word wyd erken dat 'n buitelandse valuta transaksie belasting 'n beduidende
stabiliserende invloed op die internasionale monetêre stelsel kan hê, terwyl dit
terselfdertyd fondse sal in vir wêreld ontwikkeling. Dis 'n elegante oplossing
waarvoor politieke steun wêreldwyd opbou. Die institusionele vergestalting wat
benodig word om so 'n belasting te implementeer en administreer is egter nog
die onderwerp van vurige debatte.
Hierdie is slegs 'n paar van die moontlike maniere waarop die wêreldekonomie
oor die kort- tot mediumtermyn hervorm kan word. Oor die langtermyn is die
mees waarskynlike uitkoms iets soortgelyk aan 'n losweg gestruktureerde web
van instellings wat soortgelyk aan 'n vorm van globale federalisme is.
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Is foreign aid's influence on economic growth of a country conditional on institutional quality? The case of ZimbabweTakawira, Caroline 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Does foreign aid contribute to economic growth? Is the impact of foreign aid conditional on the
presence of quality institutions? This issue has attracted much attention over the years from both
the donor community and recipient countries given that despite several years of foreign aid flows the
increasing high poverty levels raise questions about the effectiveness of foreign aid. Despite several
years of study on the relationship between foreign aid and economic growth results have remained
inconclusive. Conclusions from various studies on this issue are varied. The conclusions thus far
can be summarised as follows: there is a positive relationship between aid and economic growth;
there is no relationship between aid and growth; the presence of good governance and institutions
is a precondition for aid to have a positive influence on economic growth; and the presence of good
governance and institutions is not a precondition for aid to have positive influence on economic
growth.
The research assignment sought to determine if there is any relationship between foreign aid,
economic growth and institutional quality in Zimbabwe for the period 1980 to 2010 using the
autoregressive distributed lag approach. In order to determine this relationship, the assignment also
examined economic growth theories that have evolved over the years and reviewed existing
empirical literature on the subject. An analysis of the economic growth theory revealed a shift from
foreign aid being merely assumed to supplement savings to a new approach looking at conditions
necessary for it to be effective, with a special focus on institutional quality. To date there has not
been any agreement on the definition and institutional characteristics that create an environment
conducive for foreign aid. Studies still use indicators that group together a wide range of social
structures affecting economic outcomes such as political system, property rights, contract
enforcement, and investor protection as measures of institutional quality
The research assignment used quality of governance, polity iv and economic freedom of the world
index as measures of institutional quality. The empirical results revealed there that there was a
positive relationship between foreign aid and economic growth and that all the measures of
institutional quality perform best when all are included in the model. This suggests that the
effectiveness of aid in Zimbabwe was strongly influenced by the quality of institutions. It is therefore
important for the government of Zimbabwe to maintain the rule of law, political stability and economic
freedom. This is likely to attract economic agents who can make meaningful investment and
resuscitate the Zimbabwean economy.
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The quest for a multilateral agreement on investment (MAI) / relevance and effects on developing African countries.Okhomina, Grace Esohe January 2005 (has links)
The aim of this examination was to identify those evolving trends that are common to multilateral agreements some of which have been entered into by African developing countries, bearing in mind the debates and position of African developing countries. The study also aimed at examining the effects of these regulations on African countries especially with key provisions and the kinds of rights and obligations they confer on investors as well as the host country. As there is a need to create a balance between the interest of the host nation and the investor, the study also aimed at identifying if those evolving common trends can be used to establish a guideline for a standard bilateral investment treaty or on the other hand whether they can be used as a template for a multilateral agreement on investment.
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Die wêreldekonomie se bydrae tot onstabiliteit in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie via inflasie09 February 2015 (has links)
M.Com. (Economics) / The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the contribution of the world economy to instability in the South African economy via inflation. Double digit inflation in the South African economy remains the most important and' sole major problem influencing stabilization policy in the country. This study concentrated on the instability of the economic growth path in South Africa since the recession period of 1976. From a multiplier-accelerator model the conclusion is reached that two of the main endogenous variables in the economy, namely private consumption and total investment have adapted to behaviour patterns since 1977, in such a way that an economic growth path which deviates monotonically from the equilibrium paths has been guaranteed. The. reason for this is found in the values of two main coefficients namely the propensity to consume and the propensity to invest. The openness of the South African economy is an exogenous threat to stability in the South African economy if a high inflation rate persists.
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Die skepping van 'n algemeen aanvaarde internasionale rekeneenheid as voorwaarde vir die ontwikkeling van 'n ordeliker wêreldgeldstelsel11 February 2015 (has links)
M.Com. (Economics) / The objective of the thesis was to examine the creation of a generally acceptable international unit of account as a precondition for the establishment of a more orderly international monetary system. The payments problem over the national boundary has for centuries baffled the brains and wits of the world's foremost economists, bankers and politicians. The high level of abstraction of the international monetary phenomenon, and the dynamics and geo-politics involved, tend to conceal the essence of the variables at work. The evolution of the international monetary system would thus seem to have trailed the evolution of the national monetary systems by almost two centuries. As recently as the twenties of this century the essence of the international monetary system was still sought in gold, a commodity that could never accommodate the growing payments needs of the world economy, especially at times when events such as wars and technological innovation acted as powerful catalysts expediting the course of events between nations. The use of the key currencies, especially the British pound sterling and the US-dollar, as instruments for international payment could not work for any length of time ...
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The impact of exchange rate volatility on emerging market exports : a comparative study01 May 2013 (has links)
M.Com. (Economic Development and Policy Issues) / This research analyses the effect of exchange rate volatility on exports using a sample of nine emerging countries – Argentina, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Malaysia, Poland, South Africa and Thailand – between 1995 and 2010. The study uses panel data models, with a standard exports equation with exports performance determined by exchange rate volatility, the level of exchange rate, demand conditions in major countries as well as terms of trade. Exchange rate volatility is measured by Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) and conventional standard deviation in order to determine if the instrument of volatility used influences the nature of the relationship between exchange rate volatility and exports. The results show that exchange rate volatility has a significant negative effect on the performance of exports regardless of the measure of volatility used. The Pedroni residual cointegration method was used to test for panel cointegration to determine if there is a long-run relationship among the variables, and the test showed that a long-run relationship does exists. Generally, the study concludes that policy mix that will reduce exchange rate volatility (such as managed exchange rate regimes) and relatively competitive exchange rates are essential for emerging markets in order to sustain their exports performance.
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Die ekonomiese bestaansproblematiek in Suid-Afrika21 May 2014 (has links)
M.Com. (Economics) / The aim of this study was to look at the economic survival problem that has been very much in appearance in South Africa, especially recently. This will translate into a study of poverty in South Africa. In the second chapter I tried to get a clearer definition of poverty by, firstly looking at some formal definitions relating to poverty and then to look more generally at other descriptions of poverty from a more economic point of view. In this chapter we also discuss the Lorenz curve and how that can be used to measure poverty using income and the consumption of the population. Following on from this, in the third chapter we look at some definitions and theories of income and consumption. The theories we look at are the following : The General Consumption theory of Keynes, the Relative Income Hypothesis, the Permanent Income Hypothesis and the Life Cycle Hypothesis. After narrowing down the main cause of poverty, in the next two chapters we look at some characteristics of the poor in the rural areas as well as in the urban and metropolitan areas. In the chapter concerning the poor in the rural areas, the characteristics we look at are among others, the income, climatic problems, educational problems and health problems of the poor communities in these areas. When we discuss the characteristics of the urban and metropolitan poor, we also discuss the occurrence of unemployment and some measures that can alleviate this problem. In the sixth chapter we look at a comparison of South Africa with other countries in the world regarding the poverty problem, mainly at where South Africa fits into the world picture. In the summary some possible solutions for the whole poverty problem is put forward.
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