國際經濟制度權力分配所形成的結構，是展現權力或實現利益的一種形式。二次世界大戰結束後，美國透過主導創設國際貨幣基金（IMF）、世界銀行（WB）構成國際經濟制度，確保在全球經濟治理的優勢地位。中國改革開放以來，隨著經濟快速發展與綜合國力大幅提升，日益展現出革新與完善現有國際經濟制度的強烈企圖心，尤其亞洲基礎設施投資銀行（Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank, AIIB, 簡稱亞投行）從提出倡議到正式成立僅歷時兩年，並獲得亞太區域內、外之主要國家支持，反映出中國具備主導建構區域性或全球性多邊金融機構的政經實力。本論文將從結構現實主義的權力、利益、霸權等視角，探討美國在二戰後主導創設國際經濟制度之戰略目的、中國深化參與現行國際經濟制度之戰略意圖、美中兩國在國際經濟制度權力消長情形，以及中國創建亞投行對於美中關係未來發展的可能影響與戰略意涵，從中推論在美國掌控總體主導優勢的國際經濟制度下，中國試圖運用亞投行在國際經濟制度的權力結構組建平行架構，爭取與其政經實力相符的國際地位和影響力等相對利益，藉以形塑安全環境、擴大國際事務話語權和提升其大國地位，並在國際經濟制度結構下，與美國保持競合兼具的權力平衡的均勢格局，進而實現「兩個百年」的戰略發展目標。 / The distribution of power formed in the international economic institutional structure may reflect influence of power and fulfillment of the national interests. After World War II, the United States has secured its dominant position of global economic governance by establishing the international economic institution consisting of International Monetary Fund and World Bank. In contrast, since the implementation of “Reform and Opening-up” policy, China has been rapidly developing its comprehensive national power and gradually shown a strong desire to reform the existing international economic institution. The purposes of this thesis are to explore the Sino-US strategic struggles in current international economic institution and evaluate the potential impacts on the Sino-US relations caused by Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank from the perspective of structural realism. Based on the conducted analyses, this thesis concludes that China aims to pursue the gains corresponding to its growing influence and have a bigger say in the international economic institution. Moreover, China also devotes to maintaining the status quo in balance of power with the United States while establishing a parallel structure to the existing international economic institution so as to accomplish its Two Centenary Goals of strategic development.