The extensive use of leadership training in industry suggests a need for validated information concerning the role of interpersonal behavior in the study of leadership styles. Early leadership research focused primarily on the traits of a leader. Subsequent research has attempted to f a correlation between leader behavior and personality type. Findings indicate that personality typologies, which include attitude and value constructs, are too broad to explain leader behavior. In order to move toward specificity in the study of leadership, it is necessary to determine if interpersonal behavior styles are related to leader behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of variables from data gathered on leadership styles from the Leader Behavior Analysis and variables related to interpersonal behavior reported from the Social Style of Behavior Profile. The dimensions of leadership style flexibility and social style of behavior versatility were also examined. A random sample of 100 corporate employees were used in this study. The research instruments that were tested for independence were the Leader Behavior Analysis and the Social Style of Behavior Profile. The results of this study indicate that the constructs of leadership style and social style are independent dimensions. Additionally, the results of the study indicate that the constructs of leader flexibility and social style versatility are independent dimensions.

Information, communication and entertainment (ICE) appliances are consumer electronics and information and communication technologies (ICT). Forecasts suggest that ICE appliance use will soon become the most significant domestic electricity end-use in the UK. Knowledge concerning “real world” ICE electricity consumption is currently limited and it has been suggested that this deficiency could lead to ineffective policy programmes. This socio-technical study measured ICE appliance electricity consumption in fourteen UK households’ and undertook household interviews to explore the behavioural factors that influenced the measurements recorded. The interviews were informed by two social psychology theories: (i) Triandis’ (1977) Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB); (ii) Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DIT). The study supports the position that ICE appliance use and standby power consumption are significant electricity end-uses in UK homes. Key appliances that contributed to the sample’s average electricity consumption are identified. Inconspicuous electricity consumption from network appliances is an issue of particular concern due to policy gaps. The interviews found that a range of internal and external factors influenced ICE appliance use. Behavioural intentions and habits were found to be facilitated or impeded by personal ability, knowledge and physical constraints. Social structures and expectations also supported the more expansive ownership and use of ICE appliances and energy consumption was an issue largely excluded from adoption decisions. The findings imply that a multifaceted approach is required to reduce household ICE appliance electricity consumption. This study supports the recent implementation of minimum energy performance standards and provides further recommendations that include: (i) improved product design; (ii) the expansion of mandatory energy labelling; (iii) improved electricity consumption feedback in UK homes; (iv) the use of behaviour change campaigns; (v) the integration of ICE appliance energy saving objectives into UK policies.

本文旨在探討大學生的不同共依附分數組合類型與其在愛情關係中的人際行為間之關係。以台灣地區的公私立大學、獨立學院、科技大學與技術學院大一到大四515位自己報告有戀愛經驗的大學生為研究對象。本研究採用問卷調查法進行資料蒐集，所使用的研究工具為「共依附量表」與「人際行為量表」。調查所得資料分別以描述性統計、ｔ檢定、集群分析、區別分析與單因子多變量變異數分析等統計方法進行處理。研究之主要發現如下： 一、目前大學生在共依附各分量表的得分程度屬於中等。 二、目前大學生在與戀愛對象互動的人際行為主動對待與被動回應層次，皆較偏向正向的人際行為。 三、使用集群分析方法可以有意義依在共依附不同分量表的得分高低組合不同，而區分為「高共依附特質總分組」、「近似共依附組」、「非共依附-平均組」與「非共依附-低分組」。 四、不同性別的大學生在共依附量表與人際行為量表的差異情形。 1.在共依附量表中，大學男性在「以他人為焦點」與「認同照顧者角色」較大學女性高。 2.在人際行為主動對待層次中，大學男性在與戀愛對象互動的人際行為上，「保護」的行為較大學女性高，而大學女性則在「責備」與「攻擊」的行為上較大學男性高。 3.在人際行為被動回應層次中，大學男性在與戀愛對象互動的人際行為上，「屈服順從」、「彆扭不安」、「畏縮」與「隔絕」的行為較大學女性高，而大學女性則在「信任」的行為上較大學男性高。 4.整合人際行為主動待與被動回應上的性別差異後，發現大學男性在愛情關係中的人際行為主動對待層次上呈現較正向的人際行為，如：保護。但卻在人際行為被動回應層次上呈現較負向的人際行為，如：畏縮、隔絕。而相反的，大學女性在愛情關係中的人際行為主動對待層次上呈現較負向的人際行為，如：攻擊、責備，但卻在人際行為被動回應層次上出現較正向的人際行為，如：信任。 5.在不同共依附分數組合類型上，「高共依附特質總分組」與「非共依附-低分組」的性別分佈無太大差異。但在「近似共依附組」與「非共依附-平均組」的性別分佈則有差異。 五、不同共依附分數組合類型在愛情關係裡的人際行為有差異。 1.「高共依附特質總分組」與「非共依附-平均組」或「非共依附-低分組」相比較後發現，本組傾向有較多「操縱控制」、「攻擊」、「忽視」、「彆扭不安」、「畏縮」與「隔絕」等人際行為展現。 2.「近似共依附組」與「非共依附-平均組」或「非共依附-低分組」相比較後發現，本組傾向有較多「攻擊」、「忽視」、「屈服順從」、「彆扭不安」、「畏縮」與「隔絕」等人際行為展現。 3.「非共依附-平均組」與「非共依附-低分組」相比較後發現，本組傾向有較多「忽視」、「彆扭不安」、「畏縮」與「隔絕」的人際行為展現。 4.「非共依附-低分組」與「近似共依附組」或「非共依附-平均組」相比較後發現，本組傾向有較多「分離獨立」與「表露」的人際行為展現。 最後研究者根據本研究結果加以討論，並提出具體建議，以應用在諮商輔導與教育工作，並作為未來研究之參考。

This study aimed to explore the students perceptions of science learning environment and teachers&rsquo / interpersonal behavior, and the relationships of these with students&rsquo / cognitive and affective outcomes. In this study, the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI), the What is Happening In This Class (WIHIC) questionnaire and the Science Attitude scale were used as measuring instruments. This study was conducted in conveniently selected 5 schools throughout the Yenimahalle district of Ankara with a total of 722 eighth grade students in the second term of 2003-2004 semester. Data obtained from the administration of the measuring instruments were analyzed by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), multiple regression, bivariate correlations and multiple regression. Results indicated that the students generally perceived a positive science classroom learning environment in Turkey. Students perceived that their teachers displayed cooperative behaviors (leadership, helping / friendly, and understanding) rather than opposition behaviors (uncertain, dissatisfied, and strict) in terms of interaction with them. In addition, analysis indicated that there is relationship between students perceptions of classroom environment (learning environment and teacher interpersonal behavior) and students&rsquo / cognitive and affective outcomes. Moreover, data indicated that girls rated their learning environment and teacher interpersonal behavior more favorably than do boys. Lastly, students viewed science learning environment of their male teachers&rsquo / classes more cooperative than female teachers&rsquo / classes and students rated their male teachers that display more strict behavior than female teachers.

abstract: Infectious diseases have been a major threat to survival throughout human history. Humans have developed a behavioral immune system to prevent infection by causing individuals to avoid people, food, and objects that could be contaminated. This current project investigates how ambient temperature affects the activation of this system. Because temperature is positively correlated with the prevalence of many deadly diseases, I predict that temperature moderates the behavioral immune system, such that a disease prime will have a stronger effect in a hot environment compared to a neutral environment and one's avoidant behaviors will be more extreme. Participants were placed in a hot room (M = 85F) or a neutral room (M = 77F) and shown a disease prime slide show or a neutral slide show. Disgust sensitivity and perceived vulnerability surveys were used to measure an increased perceived risk to disease. A taste test between a disgusting food item (gummy bugs) and a neutral food item (gummy animals) measured food avoidance. There was no significant avoidance of the gummy and no significant difference in ratings of disgust sensitivity or perceived vulnerability as a function of temperature conditions. There were no significant interactions between temperature and disease. The conclusion is that this study did not provide evidence that temperature moderates the effect of disease cues on behavior. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2012

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abstract: As methods for measuring the relationship between personality and behavior have become more sophisticated, so too has the interest in better explaining the role that environments play in this relationship. Recent efforts have been made to clarify the hypothesized moderating role of environments on this relationship and Cooper and Withey (2009), in particular, have provided evidence for the paucity of empirical research that explains the ways in which strong and weak situations may differentially affect the relationship between personality and behavior. They contend, through a thorough review of the literature, that the intuitive nature of the theory provides promise and that there is likely some substantive basis for the assertion that environmental strength should moderate the relationship between personality and theoretically relevant behaviors. The current study was designed to test the moderating influence of interpersonal environment on the relationship between interpersonal personality and interpersonal behavior, specifically whether the evidence exists for the hypothesis that moderation differentially exists for strong and weak environments. No evidence was provided for the moderating role of environments. Evidence was provided for the predictive utility of traits in all models. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Counseling Psychology 2016

Abstract Increasingly, organizations and individuals rely upon technologies and networks more and more. Likewise, these environments are infested with more dangers, which could be avoided if computer users were to follow general security guidelines or procedures. Despite the ever-increasing threat, little research has addressed or explained why individuals purposefully engage in behaviors that make them more vulnerable to these threats, rather than avoiding or protecting themselves from such threats. Despite the advantage that could be afforded by understanding the motivations behind such behaviors, research addressing these behaviors is lacking or focused on very specific theoretical bases. This dissertation addresses this research gap by focusing on security-related behaviors that have yet to be addressed in this research stream, and by using novel theoretical perspectives that increase our insight into these types of behaviors. Four studies (n =  1,430) are tested and reported here that support the four behaviors and theoretical perspectives that are of focus in this dissertation. By considering additional theories, constructs, and theoretical perspectives, this dissertation provides several important contributions to security-related behaviors. The results of this study provide new insights into the motivations behind the purposeful enactment of behaviors that increase one’s vulnerability to technological threats and risks. / Tiivistelmä Organisaatiot ja ihmiset ovat yhä enenevissä määrin riippuvaisia teknologiasta ja tietoverkoista. Tällöin he myös kohtaavat entistä enemmän tietoturvariskejä, joita olisi mahdollista välttää noudattamalla tietoturvaohjeita ja -politiikkoja. Huolimatta näistä jatkuvasti yleistyvistä riskeistä, tähän mennessä ei juurikaan ole tehty tutkimusta, joka selittää ihmisten tietoista tietoturvaohjeiden ja -politiikkojen laiminlyöntiä, joka altistaa heidät tietoturvariskeille. Aikaisempi ihmisten tietoturvakäyttäytymisen syiden ymmärtämiseen keskittyvä tutkimus tarkastelee ilmiötä yksipuolisesti tiettyihin teoreettisiin lähtökohtiin nojautuen. Tämä väitöskirjatyö tarkastelee ihmisten tietoturvakäyttäytymisen syitä uudesta teoreettisesta näkökulmasta. Väitöskirja sisältää neljä tutkimusta (n = 1430), jotka tarkastelevat erityyppistä tietoturvakäyttäytymistä erilaisista teoreettisista lähtökohdista. Väitöskirja täydentää olemassa olevaa tietoturvakäyttäytymisen tutkimusta uusien teorioiden, käsitteiden ja teoreettisten näkökulmien avulla.