Bakalauro darbo tikslas yra išsiaiškinti ar objektų vaizdavimas projektuose atitinka standartus ir sukurtu želdinimo projektu parodyti taisyklingą grafinį vaizdavimą. Pasirinkti tokie uždaviniai: išanalizuoti literatūros šaltinius, kuriuose yra želdinimo planai; išskirti labiausiai neatitinančius standarto kraštovaizdžio objektus ir ženklus; atlikti kraštovaizdžio objektų ženklų interpretavimo Lietuvoje ir kitose valstybėse analizę; susisteminti literatūros šaltiniuose nurodytuose planuose, projektuose vaizduojamus ženklus, kurie neatitinka standartų; išskirti ženklus, kurie želdinimo planuose paimti iš kitų standartų; išskirti dažniausiai interpretuojamus standartuose nurodomus ženklus; sukurti konkretų pasirinktos vietos projektą, kuriame būtų naudojami standartiniai ženklai. Pagrindinės darbo išvados tokios: literatūros šaltiniuose ženklai neatitinka standarto; dauguma standartinių ženklų neatitinka realaus daikto vaizdo; dalis simbolių paimti iš kitų standartų: kartografijos, geodezijos ir topografijos; dažniausiai interpretuojami ženklai: medžiai, krūmai ir gyvatvorės; užsienio autorių ženklai labiau suvokiami, aiškesni, brėžniai vaizdingesni; Pasitaiko tokių ženklų kurie nėra nurodyti standartuose, tačiau autorių dažnai naudojami brėžiniuose: pergolė, baseinas, lauko baldai. Jų vaizdai labiausiai atitinka realybę. Standartizacijos departamentas, atsižvelgdamas į tai, kad tam tikri želdinimo ženklai, kurie nėra nurodyti standarte, bet autorių dažnai vaizduojami, galėtų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the bachelor work is to sort out that a presentation of objects in the projects conform the standards and to show a correct graphical presentation of created sprout projects. The main tasks: to analyze literature sources in which are sprout plans; to distinguish objects and signs which do not correspond with standards; to make analysis in Lithuania and different countries of interpretational research of objects signs of landscape; to systematize signs which do not correspond with standards and are indicated in plans and projects of literature sources; to distinguish signs which are in sprout projects taken from different standards; to distinguish the most common interpret signs which are showed in standards; to create a concrete project of a chosen place in which standard signs are in a usage. The main conclusions: a signs do not correspond with standards in literature sources; the majority standard signs do not correspond with real view of object; some symbols are taken from the different standards: cartography, geodesy and topography; most often interpret signs are: trees, bushes and hedges; a signs and graphics are more comprehensive, more obvious of foreign authors; sometimes occurs such signs which aren’t showed in standards, but authors use them in graphics: pergola, pool, outdoor furniture. The views of them are most matching the reality. A department of standardization considers that some sprout signs which aren’t showed in standards, but authors often use... [to full text]

The dissertation consists of eight studies in combination with a longer work, which links the eight studies together. The aim is two-fold: to develop a scientific approach within philosophical hermeneutics for the study of the culture-specific dimension of teaching in China, and to analyse the culture-specific dimension of teaching in China on the terms of this approach. An explicit ontological foundation makes up the base of the hermeneutic approach, and epistemology, methodology and so on are adapted in accordance with this. Implications of this hermeneutical approach for educational research is further outlined, and the hermeneutical approach is more clearly positioned in relation to so-called qualitative research. With this hermeneutical approach, cross-cultural educational research can be conducted without either universalism or exoticism, since it offers a possibility to understand phenomena in other cultures without claiming to share them. Based on this hermeneutical approach, an interpretational framework named traditional thinking is constructed as a theoretical synthesis of Chinese philosophy, that is Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, Moism and Legalism. With traditional thinking, the analysis of the culture-specific dimension of teaching in China generates an understanding consisting of a number of themes. The themes are: concrete activity, sociality, collectivism, relationalism, balance, order, patriotism, aesthetics, perfection, good examples, the nobility of teaching, family, hierarchy, equal competition, responsibility, talent, examination, body, improvement, critiques, effort, self-study. In this understanding, moral has a central position and refl ects on all themes. This is a social and relational morality that embraces knowledge and aesthetics, which is achieved and realised in concrete bodily activity. Morality serves a system in order, i.e. it helps keep its balance. It facilitates the functioning of the collective and gives patriotism a moral character. Perfection is the optimal moral standard, which characterises all good examples, and the striving for improvement depends on critique and effort. Since perfection is always attainable, teaching and self-study make up the human way to harmony. In this, family is a precondition for moral cultivation, just as equal competition is a precondition for a balanced hierarchy and for correct responsibility. Talent is decisive, which in turn requires examination.

本研究的主要目的有二：其一，驗證經過修改後的「句詞關聯作業」此一實驗派典，是否可以成為一套能有效區辨高、低社交焦慮者解釋性認知偏誤的測量工具。其二，驗證以「句詞關聯作業」作為解釋性認知偏誤修正工具時，是否能夠有效且持續地改善高社交焦慮者不適應的解釋性偏誤情形與社交焦慮症狀。為達到上述兩個研究目的，分為研究一與研究二進行。研究一選取86名高社交焦慮與59名低社交焦慮之非臨床大學校內學生，施予社交焦慮與情緒相關量表、句詞關聯作業以及解釋性偏誤相關問卷。研究一的結果顯示，相較於低社交焦慮者，高社交焦慮者同時具有較高程度的威脅解釋偏誤，以及較低程度的非威脅解釋偏誤。當執行組內比較時，則進一步發現並非高社交焦慮者具備某種解釋性的偏誤，反而是低社交焦慮者的解釋傾向展現出某些特殊性。此外，藉由相關分析，發現解釋性偏誤的在線與離線歷程、威脅與非威脅解釋偏誤之間具有緊密關聯，而句詞關聯作業與其他相關的測量工具彼此具備聚斂性。研究二邀請研究一之80名高社交焦慮者繼續參與實驗，隨機分派為改善訓練組與中性訓練組。受試者根據所屬組別接受相對應的訓練程序，為期四週共八次。訓練結束後再度施予社交焦慮與情緒相關量表、句詞關聯作業以及解釋性偏誤相關問卷，並於一個月後進行追蹤評估。研究二的結果顯示，改善訓練程序的確可有效地降低高社交焦慮者的威脅解釋偏誤，並且提升其非威脅解釋偏誤。細究此療效之所以發生的機制，主要在於促使高社交焦慮者形成與低社交焦慮者相似的解釋偏誤特性。然而，在降低社交焦慮症狀上，本研究並未看見明顯效果，內文將對此非預期結果進行討論。總體而言，針對社交焦慮者的解釋性偏誤情形，「句詞關聯作業」的確具備成為輔助性評估與介入工具之潛力。 / The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, it aimed to examine if the modified paradigm, sentence word association paradigm (SWAP), can differentiate interpretation between high and low social anxious individuals. Second, it tried to investigate the effects of interpretational training, using the training version of SWAP as cognitive bias modification program, in modifying interpretative bias and in reducing social anxiety symptoms in high social anxious individuals. In study 1, a total of 86 high social anxious and 59 low social anxious participants completed seven questionnaires and SWAP. The results showed that high social anxious individuals had greater threat interpretative bias and smaller benign interpretative bias compared to low social anxious individuals. Further, it was important to note that when comparing within group, actually not high but low social anxious individuals showed some special interpretation patterns. In addition, the statistics revealed significant correlations between on-line and off-line data, threat and benign interpretative bias. The current study also had found the consistency between SWAP and questionnaires measurements. In study 2, eighty high social anxious participants from study 1 were assigned randomly into modification training and neutral control group. All participants completed eight interpretaional training sessions delivered over four weeks (twice a week). Participants were also required to complete postassessments and follow-up assessments. The results indicated that the modification training program successfully increased the benign interpretative bias and decreased the threat interpretative bias, compared to the neutral control condition. When exploring the training mechanism, the current study discovered that modification training program helped high social anxious individuals gain the same interpretation patterns as low social anxious individuals had. However, the modification training program didn’t reduce social anxiety symptoms in high social anxious individuals. This unexpected finding were discussed. In conclusion, SWAP may have clinical utility when applied as assessment and intervention.