L’expression faciale de peur constitue un important vecteur d’information sociale mais aussi environnementale. En condition naturelle, les visages apeurés apparaissent principalement dans notre champ visuel périphérique. Cependant, les mécanismes cérébraux qui sous-tendent la perception de l’expression faciale de peur en périphérie restent largement méconnus. Nous avons démontré, grâce à des études comportementales, des enregistrements magnétoencéphalographiques et intracrâniens, que la perception de l’expression faciale de peur est efficace en grande périphérie. La perception de la peur en périphérie génère une réponse rapide de l’amygdale et du cortex frontal, mais également une réponse plus tardive dans les aires visuelles occipitales et temporales ventrales. Le contrôle attentionnel est capable d’inhiber la réponse précoce à l’expression de peur, mais également d’augmenter les activités postérieures plus tardives liées à la perception des visages. Nos résultats montrent non seulement que les réseaux impliqués dans la perception de la peur sont adaptés à la vision périphérique, mais ils mettent également en avant une nouvelle forme d’investigation des mécanismes de traitement de l’expression faciale, pouvant conduire à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de traitement des messages sociaux dans des situations plus écologiques. / Facial expression of fear is an important vector of social and environmental information. In natural conditions, the frightened faces appear mainly in our peripheral visual field. However, the brain mechanisms underlying perception of fear in the periphery remain largely unknown. We have demonstrated, through behavioral, magnetoencephalographic and intracranial studies that the perception of fear facial expression is efficient in large peripheral visual field. Fear perception in the periphery produces an early response in the amygdala and the frontal cortex, and a later response in the occipital and infero-temporal visual areas. Attentional control is able to inhibit the early response to fear expression and to increase the later temporo-occipital activities linked to face perception. Our results show that networks involved in fear perception are adapted to the peripheral vision. Moreover, they validate a new form of investigation of facial expression processing, which may lead to a better understanding of how we process social messages in more ecological situations.

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This semestral thesis deals with visualization of intracranial EEG. In the first part, theoretical basics of EEG is mentioned. After that, image registration, as a needed tool for visualization is described followed by research of methods of visualization of high frequency oscilations from intracranial EEG. Finally, method for visualization of high frequency oscilations from EEG in real MRI patient scans is designed and implemented.

Epileptic disease is connected with change in activity of neuronal clusters. Brain connectivity analysis deals with statistic interdependencies between different neuronal centres. Earlier studies show that changes in connectivity can be seen near primary epileptic site. What is changing connectivity and its characteristic in interictal recordings are yet to be fully known. In this thesis are analyzed data from intracranial EEG electrodes, positioned in and neighboring areas of epileptic site. Changes in connectivity of epileptic site and its surroundings are observed by nonlinear correlation method. Decrease in connectivity of epileptic site during slow wave sleep was detected on frequencies above 80 Hz. Reduced connectivity was measured on the border of epileptic zone and normal tissue. Observed features are accentuated during sleep. It was also found out that connectivity at the border of epileptic zone apears to have nonlinear property. The results show that physiological processes during sleep are influencing connectivity near epileptic site and decrease in connectivity may be related to nonlinear dependence of neuronal activity at the border of epileptic zone. This study confirms hypothesis of the earlier studies and reveals new facts about connectivity of epileptic site from the perspective of nonlinear processes. Consequent study based on this findings might lead to more precise delineation of epileptic site and to better understanding of processes, which are causing epileptic fits.

The Human brain consists of mutually connected neuronal populations that build anatomically and functionally separated structures. To understand human brain activity and connectivity, it is crucial to describe how these structures are connected and how information is spread. Commonly used methods often work with data from scalp EEG, with a limited number of contacts, and are incapable of observing dynamic changes during cognitive processes or different behavioural states. In addition, connectivity studies almost never analyse pathological parts of the brain, which can have a crucial impact on pathology research and treatment. The aim of this work is connectivity analysis and its evolution in time during cognitive tasks using data from intracranial EEG. Physiological processes in cognitive stimulation and the local connectivity of pathology in the epileptic brain during wake and sleep were analysed. The results provide new insight into human brain physiology research. This was achieved by an innovative approach which combines connectivity methods with EEG spectral power calculation. The second part of this work focuses on seizure onset zone (SOZ) connectivity in the epileptic brain. The results describe the functional isolation of the SOZ from the surrounding tissue, which may contribute to clinical research and epilepsy treatment.

Our brain controls the processes of the body including movement. In this thesis, we try to understand how the information about hand movement is encoded into the brain's electrical activity and how this activity can be used to predict the velocity and absolute velocity of hand movements. Using a well-established deep neural network architecture for EEG decoding - the Deep4Net - we predict hand movement velocity and absolute velocity from intracranial EEG signals. While reaching the expected performance level, we determine the influence of different frequency bands on the network's prediction. We find that modulations in the high-gamma frequency band are less informative than expected based on previous studies. We also identify two architectural modifications which lead to higher performances. 1. the removal of max-pooling layers in the architecture leads to significantly higher correlations. 2. the non-uniform receptive field of the network is a potential drawback making the network biased towards less relevant information. 1

This research presents engineering tools that address an important area impacting many persons worldwide: epilepsy. Over 60 million people are affected by epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures that occur suddenly. Surgery and anti-epileptic drugs (AED s) are common therapies for epilepsy patients. However, only persons with seizures that originate in an unambiguous, focal portion of the brain are candidates for surgery, while AED s can lead to very adverse side-effects. Although medical devices based upon focal cooling, drug infusion or electrical stimulation are viable alternatives for therapy, a reliable method to automatically pinpoint dysfunctional brain and direct these devices is needed. This research introduces a method to effectively localize epileptic networks, or connectivity between dysfunctional brain, to guide where to insert electrodes in the brain for therapeutic devices, surgery, or further investigation. The method uses an evolutionary algorithm (EA) and frequent itemset mining (FIM) to detect and cluster frequent concentrations of epileptic neuronal action potentials within human intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. In an experiment applying the method to seven patients with neocortical epilepsy (a total of 35 seizures), the approach reliably identifies the seizure onset zone, in six of the subjects (a total of 31 seizures). Hopefully, this research will lead to a better control of seizures and an improved quality of life for the millions of persons affected by epilepsy.

En raison de sa localisation en profondeur du cerveau, le rôle de l’insula dans le traitement de l’information est longtemps resté énigmatique. Or, l’avènement des techniques de stimulation électro-corticale et de neuroimagerie a permis de mettre en exergue son implication dans divers aspects du fonctionnement neuropsychologique. De plus en plus d’études suggèrent que le cortex insulaire joue un rôle clé dans le traitement des caractéristiques physiques des stimuli sensoriels, ainsi que dans le traitement de la saillance des informations. Les théories contemporaines avancent ainsi que l’insula serait une région cruciale dans le « réseau de saillance » et serait impliquée dans les processus sensoriels, émotionnels et attentionnels. Toutefois, la nature exacte de sa contribution demeure inconnue, notamment en raison des limitations intrinsèques des techniques d’investigation traditionnelles, ainsi que de la faible prévalence des lésions circonscrites à l’insula, d’autant que l’évidence clinique ne fait pas l’unanimité. En outre, les résections insulaires sont de plus en plus fréquentes chez les patients atteints d’épilepsie insulaire pharmaco-résistante. Cependant, les altérations neuropsychologiques d’une telle intervention restent mal connues. Ainsi, les études qui composent cette thèse visent à mieux comprendre la façon dont l’insula participe au traitement de l’information et les conséquences neuropsychologiques des résections insulaires sur les processus sensoriels, émotionnels et attentionnels. Les deux premières études de cette thèse documentent les contributions respectives des portions antérieure et postérieure de l’insula au traitement attentionnel pour l’information sensorielle. Les réponses de l’insula lors de l’exécution de tâches attentionnelles de type oddball visuel et auditif sont enregistrées au moyen de l’EEG intracrânienne auprès de patients atteints d’épilepsie dont des électrodes ont été implantées dans l’insula dans le cadre d’une évaluation préchirurgicale pour une épilepsie résistante à la médication. Les résultats suggèrent que l’insula antérieure participe au déploiement attentionnel volontaire aux alentours de 300-500 ms à la suite de la présentation de stimuli pertinents à la tâche en modalité visuelle et auditive, alors que la portion postérieure, quant à elle, est impliquée dans le traitement attentionnel automatique survenant de manière précoce, autour de 100 ms suivant la présentation d’informations auditives, indépendamment de la pertinence du stimulus. Les deux études suivantes qui composent cette thèse examinent les conséquences neuropsychologiques d’une résection au cortex insulaire sur le traitement sensoriel et affectivo-attentionnel, chez des patients épileptiques réfractaires à la médication qui ont subi une résection unilatérale de cette région. Leurs performances dans une tâche Dot-Probe révisée et dans un test de Stroop émotionnel, ainsi que leurs réponses à un questionnaire mesurant des patterns comportementaux sensoriels, sont comparées à celles d’un groupe de patients ayant subi une chirurgie d’épilepsie temporale et d’un groupe d’individus contrôles en santé. Les résultats mettent en évidence des altérations sensorielles et du contrôle des interférences émotionnelles à la suite d’une chirurgie d’épilepsie insulaire. En somme, les données de cette thèse contribuent à une meilleure compréhension du rôle spécifique de l’insula au traitement de l’information sensorielle, saillante, émotionnelle et attentionnelle, au moyen de mesures neurophysiologiques et comportementales. Elles fournissent également un appui quant à la pertinence de développer des outils standardisés en évaluation neuropsychologique afin de mieux identifier les perturbations fonctionnelles associées à une épilepsie ou une chirurgie d’épilepsie insulaire. / The role of the insular cortex in information processing has long been considered enigmatic, partly due to its deep location in the brain. However, the advent of direct electrocortical stimulation and neuroimaging approaches have shed light on its involvement in multiple of neuropsychological functions. An increasing number of studies suggest that the insular cortex plays a crucial role in processing the physical characteristics of sensory stimuli, as well as in the processing of salient information. Current theories argue that the insula would be a critical structure in the “salience network” and involved in sensory, emotional and attentional processes. However, the specific contribution of the insular cortex remains unknown, notably due to the intrinsic limitations of conventional approaches and the very low prevalence of lesions restricted to the insula, especially as little clinical evidence support these findings. Furthermore, although insular resections are becoming more frequent, the neuropsychological effects of this surgery remain unclear. Thus, the studies that make up this thesis aim to improve our understanding of the role played by the insula in the salient information processing and the neuropsychological consequences of the insular resections on sensory, emotional and attentional functions. The first two studies of this thesis assess the respective contributions of the anterior and posterior insular portions in attentional processing towards salient and relevant sensory information. The insular responses during visual and auditory oddball attentional tasks are recorded by means of intracranial EEG (iEEG) in epileptic patients undergoing invasive iEEG, with electrode contacts implanted in the insula as part of a pre-surgical evaluation of their drug-resistant seizures. The results suggest that the anterior insula participates in voluntary attentional processing around 300-500 ms following the presentation of task-relevant stimuli in both visual and auditory modality, whereas the posterior portion is involved in automatic processing occurring about 100 ms after auditory stimuli presentation, independent of task-relevant information. The next two studies examine the neuropsychological consequences of insular cortex resections on the sensory and affectivo-attentional processes, in drug-refractory epileptic patients who have undergone unilateral resection of this structure. Their performance in a revised Dot-Probe task and an emotional Stroop test, as well as their responses in a questionnaire assessing sensory behavioral patterns, were compared to a group of patients who had surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy and a group of healthy control. The results highlight alterations in sensory processing and emotional interference control following insular epilepsy surgery. In sum, the neurophysiological and behavioral data in this thesis contribute to a better understanding of the specific role of the insula in the processing of sensory, salient, emotional and attentional information. Moreover, these findings highlight the need to further develop neuropsychological tests in order to better identify functional disturbances associated with insular epilepsy and insular resection surgery.