Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Tobin's q value is widely used by financial analysts as a performance indicator ratio. The market value of a firm over the replacement cost of fixed assets and inventory serves as an indication of whether value is created by investing internally in the firm, or whether value is destroyed by investing in negative net present value projects. Where Tobin's q is greater than one (q > 1), the market value of the firm is greater than what it would cost to replace fixed assets and inventory. Therefore value is created. Firms that have a Tobin's q value of less than one are advised to pay dividends rather than invest in negative net present value projects. Over 200 different methods exist of calculating Tobin's q. By increasing the complexity of the algorithm to determine q, very little is achieved to improve the measurement quality. A strong link exists between excess market returns, free cash flow spending announcements and Tobin's q value for the firm. Firms with a high Tobin's q value should ensure that good investment possibilities are pursued. The use of internal funds to fund new investment is viewed in a positive light by the market and above average returns are generated. Firms with a high Tobin's q value and high free cash flow show lower returns. These lower returns happen as a result of the market recognising the firm's failure to capitalise on favourable internal investment opportunities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tobin se q-waarde word wyd gebruik as prestasie aanwyser deur finansiele ontleders. Die markwaarde van 'n firma gedeel deur die vervangingskoste van vaste bates en voorraad, dien as 'n maatstaf om aan te dui of waarde geskep word deur intern in die firma te belê en of waarde vernietig word deur in projekte met 'n negatiewe netto teenswoordige waarde te belê. Waar Tobin se q-waarde groter is as een (q > 1) is die markwaarde van die firma groter as wat dit sal wees om die vaste bates en voorraad te vervang. Sodoende word waarde geskep. Firmas met 'n q-waarde van minder as een word aanbeveel om eeeder dividende uit te betaal as om die beskikbare fondse in projekte met 'n negatiewe netto teenswoordige waarde te investeer. Meer as 200 verskillende metodes bestaan om Tobin se q-waarde te bereken. Deur die kompleksiteit van die algoritme te vergroot om q te bereken, dra min by tot groter akkuraatheid van die meting. 'n Sterk verband bestaan tussen bo-gemiddelde markopbrengste, aankondigings oor die besteding van vrye kontantvloei en die Tobin q-waarde van die firma. Firmas met 'n hoë Tobin q-waarde moet verseker dat goeie investeringsgeleenthede aangegryp word. Die gebruik van interne fondse om nuwe investering te finansier word deur die mark in 'n positiewe lig beskou en bogemiddelde opbrengste word gelewer. Firmas met 'n hoë Tobin q-waarde en hoë vrye kontantvloei toon laer opbrengste. Hierdie laer opbrengste is as gevolg van die mark wat besef dat die firma nalaat om gunstige interne investeringsgeleenthede te gebruik.

Mehra and Prescott's (1985) equity premium puzzle has stirred continued debate on just why the average return on equity has been so high relative to the risk-free rate. Recent work by Backus, Gregory, and Zin (1989), Knez and Snow (1992), and Trainor (1992) have also documented a liquidity premium puzzle. In addition, Fama and French (1992) have found that beta has no explanatory power in explaining an asset's excess return. These studies point out that current financial models are unable to explain even the most basic premise that assets with greater risk have higher returns. The question that now arises is why are these financial models failing to explain excess returns? One obvious answer to this question which has been completely ignored is that the proxy being used to define risk is wrong. It is the contention of this proposal that investors are concerned about buying into an asset and subsequently experiencing a sequence of below average or negative returns. Under this premise, using the variance of returns as a measure of risk is inadequate and a new risk measure must be derived. This study demonstrates that measuring the deviation of an investor's wealth level from buying a risky asset in relation to what an investor's wealth level would have been from buying a risk-free asset discerns both the deviation of returns and the propensity of returns to sequence. It is then shown that sequencing risk and the slope of the term structure are integrally related. Specifically, the steeper the yield curve, the greater sequencing risk will be priced since a negative sequence could result in forced borrowing by investors when rates are high to maintain a constant consumption rate. Empirically, it is shown that measuring an asset's risk by the contribution it makes to a portfolio's propensity to sequence rather than to a portfolio's variance more accurately explains portfolio returns within a CAPM type framework. Additionally, size does not usurp the explanatory power of this new beta. Surprisingly, it is found that the explanatory power of the traditional beta and size are contingent upon the slope of the term structure being fairly flat. The wealth beta seems to be unaffected. The conclusion of the study suggests that current financial models are seriously flawed due to the erroneous definition and mis-measurement of risk. / Ph. D.

Yau Cheuk Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-47). / Lists of figure --- p.iii / Acknowledgment --- p.iv / Chapter / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Model1 --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- The basic model --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- The modified model --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Coordination policy --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Capital mobility --- p.21 / Chapter 3 --- Model2 --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- The basic model --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2 --- The modified model --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- Coordination policy --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4 --- Capital mobility --- p.37 / Chapter 4 --- Conclusion --- p.39 / REFERENCES --- p.46

This dissertation uses original datasets from the U.S. and Japan to explore issues in spatial economics and public finance. In the first chapter, I study how the relocation of inventors affects local and aggregate growth through technological diffusion across U.S. cities. I propose a quantitative spatial theory of growth and knowledge diffusion through internal migration. My model highlights two mechanisms by which productivity growth can be higher in one city than in another: (1) agglomeration forces and (2) knowledge inflows through internal migration. Using data on US cities, I find that knowledge diffusion explains approximately 40 percent of the spatial variation in productivity changes, and agglomeration forces explain the rest. I quantify the dynamic effects of place-based policies and find that reducing the costs of migrating to a small number of cities can improve aggregate efficiency while reducing disparities in productivity across cities. Growing spatial inequality has led policymakers to enact tax breaks to attract corporate investment and jobs to economically peripheral regions. In the second chapter, co-authored with Cameron LaPoint, we demonstrate the importance of multi-plant firms’ physical capital structure for the take-up and efficacy of place-based policies by studying a national bonus depreciation scheme in Japan which altered the relative cost of capital across locations, offering high-tech manufacturers immediate cost deductions from their corporate income tax bill. Combining corporate balance sheets with a registry containing investment by plant location and asset type, we find the policy generated big gains in employment and investment in building construction and in machines at pre-existing production sites, with an implied partial equilibrium fiscal cost per job created of $16,000. The policy produced a welfare gain of $56.72 billion, or roughly 40% of one year’s worth of average annual corporate profits. For eligible firms, plant-level hiring in ineligible areas outstripped that in eligible areas, suggesting reallocation of resources within firms’ internal capital and labor markets mitigates the spatial misallocation inherent in subsidizing low-productivity areas. How governments should choose the frequency of payments has received little attention in the literature on the optimal design of benefits programs. In the third chapter, co-authored with Cameron LaPoint, we propose a simple model in which the government chooses the interval length between payments, subject to a tradeoff between the costs of providing more frequent benefits and welfare gains from mitigating consumption non-smoothing. Using a high-frequency retail dataset that links consumers to their purchase history, we apply the model to the Japanese National Pension System. Our evidence suggests suboptimal intra-cycle consumption patterns with negligible retailer price discrimination. Model calibrations support the worldwide prevalence of monthly payment systems.

Ampliando e aprofundando o conhecimento a respeito do fenômeno da Restrição Financeira em empresas brasileiras, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e aplicação de metodologia voltada a obter um medidor confiável da intensidade de restrição financeira de uma empresa, a partir de suas próprias demonstrações financeiras. A amostra utilizada abrangeu 273 empresas, de 105 diferentes setores de atuação (classificação NAICS), por um período de 23 anos (1995-2017). Depois de caracterizar a evolução do pensamento acadêmico sobre o tema nos últimos 50 anos, foi especificado e aplicado um composto metodológico estruturado em duas partes: I) Compondo a Questão Metodológica A, e visando detectar a superioridade de um de três critérios de agrupamento testados para caracterizar empresas restritas e irrestritas (tamanho, dividendos ou variável especialmente criada a partir das demonstrações financeiras), foi utilizada uma bateria de testes composta de cinco modelos econométricos básicos e algumas variantes; II) A partir do critério identificado como superior (variável especialmente criada), e compondo a Questão Metodológica B, seguiu-se a especificação e aplicação de metodologia voltada a possibilitar que esse critério pudesse produzir o efeito máximo que lhe é atribuído. Os resultados obtidos (indicando elevada significância estatística e alta magnitude econômica dos achados com o uso da citada variável de segregação) podem ser considerados um primeiro e importante passo na compreensão do fenômeno da restrição financeira atuando nas empresas brasileiras, sob uma ótica multidimensional. Com o uso da referida variável de segregação, ficou comprovada a relação negativa entre captação de recursos externos e rentabilidade (pecking order theory), mas apenas para as empresas irrestritas. As restritas, ao contrário, tendem a não abrir mão de captar recursos externos, mesmo com geração positiva de caixa. Também, procuram acumular, nos itens do ativo circulante, os excedentes resultantes de lucros, com isso sinalizando a preferência por construir folga financeira, em vez de destinar imediatamente tais recursos para investimentos. Estes últimos, por sua vez, ao serem concretizados, tendem a ser utilizados, ainda no caso das restritas, como colaterais na captação de mais recursos externos, configurando um expressivo multiplicador de crédito. Como já mencionado anteriormente, esses achados têm expressiva significância estatística e alta relevância econômica. Várias direções de desenvolvimento futuro do tema foram identificadas e explicitadas. / Expanding and deepening the knowledge about the phenomenon of Financial Constraint in Brazilian companies, this study presents the development and application of a methodology aimed at obtaining a reliable measure of the intensity of a company financial constraint, from its financial statements. The sample used included 273 companies from 105 different sectors of activity (NAICS classification) for 23 years (1995-2017). After characterizing the evolution of academic thinking on the topic over the last 50 years, a methodological compound structured in two parts was specified and applied. The first part (Methodological Question A) was aimed to detect the superiority of one of three grouping criteria tested for to characterize constrained and unconstrained companies (size, dividends or variable specially created from its financial statements). A test battery of five basic econometric models and some variants were used for that purpose. Once the best criterion was identified (specially created variable), followed the Methodological Question B, regarding the specification and application of a methodology aimed at enabling this criterion to produce the maximum possible effect. Results obtained (indicating high statistical significance and high economic magnitude of the findings with the use of this special segregation variable) can be considered as a first and significant step in understanding the phenomenon of financial constraint operating in Brazilian companies, from a multidimensional perspective. With the use of the segregation variable mentioned above, the negative relationship between external financing and cash generation (pecking order theory) was found, but only for unconstrained companies. Constrained ones, on the other hand, tend not to give up attracting external resources, even with positive cash generation. They also seek to accumulate surpluses resulting from profits in current asset items, thereby signaling a preference for financial slack, rather than immediately allocating such resources to investments. The latter, in turn, tend to be used, in the case of constrained companies, as collateral in the collection of more external resources, forming a significant credit multiplier. As previously mentioned, these findings have high statistical significance and high economic relevance. Also, the study identified several directions for the future development of the theme, as well as made them explicit.