Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00406.pdf: 1086747 bytes, checksum: c5381220f76c0f0fbd40893ba1e27e0d (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - POLI/USP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:24:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00429.pdf: 872636 bytes, checksum: 9c83770eba88d0400824d10f4e45ebcb (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Instituto de Química - Universidade de São Paulo - IQ/USP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:38:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06051.pdf: 3741184 bytes, checksum: a75ec12829b661a213233009e5987d2a (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06178.pdf: 4301800 bytes, checksum: 8ef60a5fb58c4649ffd7c1a0c70dc421 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering)--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1998 / Ion exchange resins are widely used to remove or concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions or slurries.This thesis attempts to properly evaluate the interaction between ion exchange resins and heavy metals at trace metal concentrations.The durability of the resins and their effectiveness in real slurries were also investigated. In this study, a chelating resin, as well as a cation, and anion exchange resin was contacted with aqueous solutions of heavy metals in both free and complexed form. Zinc, nickel and copper cyanide complexes were adsorbed onto the anion exchange resin, while the chelating and cation exchange resins were contacted with zinc and nickel nitrates, and cupric sulphate. All the tests were conducted in batch stirred tank reactors. All the metal cyanide complexes behaved in a similar manner when contacted with the anion exchange resins. These tests were p~rf0nned under variations in temperature, stirring speed, pH., ionic strength and . initial metal 90E~entrations. Fitting of a dual resistance model to the profiles for thetlptllk:e" of the complexes, show that both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion rates were improved with an increase in temperature, and that film diffusion rates improved with an increase in stirring speed. A high ionic strength negatively affected equilibrium loading as well as diffusional rates.It was found that at these low concentrations, the diffusional rates improves with a decrease in the external metal concentration. A comparative study involving the chelating and cation·exchange resins were performed, during which the resins were contacted with the metals in free fonn. It was found that at high metal concentrations, the chelating resin induced a rate limiting effect, but at trace concentrations, this effect is virtually negated. Whereas the cation exchange resin exhibited little selectivity in adsorbing the metals, it was found that the chelating resin prefers the metals in the eu > Ni > Zn. The chelating resin proved to be no less durable then the cation exchange resin, and both slightly lost their ability to adsorb the metal cations as a result of the effects of an inert coarse sand slurry.Tests performed with a real ore leachate, showed the cation exchange resin to be efficient at a low pH , but also relatively non selective, since the adsorption of copper from the leachate was greatly reduced due to the presence of other heavy metals.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. / Neuro-fuzzy computing techniques have been approached and evaluated in areas of process control; researchers have recently begun to evaluate its potential in pattern recognition. Multi-component ion exchange is a non-linear process, which is difficult to model and simulate as there are many factors influencing the chemical process which are not well understood. In the past, empirical isotherm equations were used but there were definite shortcomings resulting in unreliable simulations. In this work, the use of artificial intelligence has therefore been researched to test the effectiveness in simulating ion exchange processes. The branch of artificial intelligence used was the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system. The objective of this research was to develop a neuro-fuzzy software package to simulate ion exchange processes. The first step towards building this system was to collect data from laboratory scale ion exchange experiments. Different combinations of inputs (e.g. solution concentration, resin loading, impeller speed), were tested to determine whether it was necessary to monitor all available parameters. The software was developed in MSEXCEL where tools like SOLVER could be utilised whilst the code was written in Visual Basic. In order to compare the neuro-fuzzy simulations to previously used empirical methods, the Fritz and Schluender isotherm was used to model and simulate the same data. The results have shown that both methods were adequate but the neuro-fuzzyapproach was the more appropriate method. After completion of this study, it could be concluded that a neuro-fuzzy system does not always have the ability to describe ion exchange processes adequately.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06497.pdf: 7575269 bytes, checksum: 3551f60999aef01a16217b24b89a7f9b (MD5) / Mestrado (Dissertacao) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:36:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 04228.pdf: 1369368 bytes, checksum: 9359a42d983a5041a2b1e9d46808ee7d (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) - IPEN / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Eletrodos à base de carbono, como os eletrodos de troca iônica, entre outros, têm aplicação principalmente no tratamento de efluentes industriais e rejeitos radioativos. Carbono é também amplamente utilizado em células a combustível como substrato para os eletrocatalisadores, por possuir elevada área superficial, que supera a sua área geométrica. O conhecimento desta superfície ativa total é importante na determinação das condições de operação de uma célula eletroquímica no que diz respeito às correntes a serem aplicadas (densidade de corrente). No presente estudo foram utilizadas duas técnicas eletroquímicas na determinação da área superficial ativa de eletrodos de carbono vítreo e poroso e eletrodos de troca iônica: espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) e voltametria cíclica (VC). Os experimentos foram realizados com soluções de KNO3 0,1 mol.L-1 em célula eletroquímica de três eletrodos: eletrodo de trabalho à base de carbono, eletrodo auxiliar de platina e eletrodo de referência de Ag/AgCl. Os eletrodos de carbono vítreo e de carbono poroso utilizado possuíam uma área geométrica de 3,14 x 10-2 cm2 e 2,83 10-1 cm2, respectivamente. O eletrodo de troca iônica foi preparado misturando-se grafite, carbono, resina de troca iônica e um aglutinante, sendo esta mistura aplicada em três camadas sobre feltro de carbono, utilizando-se nos experimentos uma área geométrica de 1,0 cm2. Por EIE determinou-se diretamente a capacitância dos materiais dos eletrodos (Cd) utilizando-se os diagramas de Bode. O valor de 172 μF.cm-2 encontrado para o carbono vítreo está de acordo com a literatura (~200 μF.cm-2). Por VC, variando a velocidade de varredura de 0,2 a 2,0 mV.s-1, determinou-se a capacitância CdS (S=área superficial ativa) na região da dupla camada elétrica (DCE) para cada um dos materiais, Por EIE, foram determinados os valores de Cd de 3,0 x 10-5 μF.cm-2 e de 11,0 x 103 μF.cm-2 para os eletrodos de carbono poroso e de troca iônica, respectivamente, o que possibilitou a determinação das áreas superficiais ativas de 3,73 x 106 cm2 e 4,72 cm2. Portanto, o uso combinado das técnicas de EIE e VC mostra-se promissor para o cálculo das áreas superficiais ativas de eletrodos à base de carbono. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00406.pdf: 1086747 bytes, checksum: c5381220f76c0f0fbd40893ba1e27e0d (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - POLI/USP