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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The influence of ions on water tree growth in polyethylene

Given, M. J. January 1986 (has links)
No description available.
2

Filmes automontados de óxidos metálicos: eletrocromismo e armazenamento de energia / Self-Assembled films composed of transition metal oxides for electrochromism and charge storage

Facci, Tiago 03 July 2009 (has links)
Filmes finos de dióxido de titânio (TiO2), ácido poli(vinil sulfônico) (PVS) e oxo-hidroxo de tungstênio (WOxHy) foram preparados a partir do método de automontagem Layer-by-Layer (LbL), permitindo um alto controle de espessura e nanoarquitetura. As propriedades de armazenamento e transporte de íons lítio foram investigadas visando à utilização destes materiais em baterias secundárias e dispositivos eletrocrômicos. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia de força atômica (AFM), voltametria cíclica, cronoamperometria, titulação galvanostática intermitente (GITT), espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) e espectroscopia eletrônica. Os filmes apresentaram boa ciclabilidade e reversibilidade química nos processos de intercalação/desintercalação de íons lítio. Os filmes TiO2, TiO2/PVS e TiO2/WOxHy apresentaram carga reversível de 254 mC.cm-3, 260 mC.cm-3 e 296 mC.cm-3, respectivamente, e eficiência eletrocrômica de 30,9 cm2.C-1, 26,1 cm2.C-1 e 24,9 cm2.C-1, respectivamente, sob a incidência de radiação eletromagnética monocromática em 660 nm. Finalmente, valores do coeficiente de difusão de íons lítio foram determinados e relacionados com as capacidades específicas e com a velocidade da frente de onda colorida, a partir do modelo proposto neste trabalho. / Thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO2), poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) (PVS) and tungsten oxo-hydroxy (WOxHy) were prepared using the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) method, allowing for strict control of its thickness and nanoarchitecture. The properties of these films concerning lithium ion transport and storage were investigated, so that these materials can be applied in secondary batteries and electrochromic devices in the future. The films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electronic spectroscopy. The films presented good chemical cyclability and reversibility regarding the Li+ insertion and deinsertion process. TiO2, TiO2/PVS, and TiO2/WOxHy films presented reversible charge about 254 mC.cm-3, 260 mC.cm-3, and 296 mC.cm-3, respectively, and coloration efficiency under 660 nm radiation of 30.9 cm2.C-1, 26.1 cm2.C-1, and 24.9 cm2.C-1, respectively. Finally, lithium ion diffusion coefficients can be determined and related with specific capacities and diffusion of coloring waves using the model proposed in this work.
3

Eletroinserção de íons lítio em filmes automontados à base de hexaniobato / Lithium ion electro-insertion in self-assembled films based on hexaniobate

Rezende, Alex Ribeiro 03 September 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho está direcionado à pesquisa básica de novos materiais com propriedades adequadas para armazenamento de íons lítio e aplicação em dispositivos eletrocrômicos. Realizou-se uma investigação eletroquímica de nanocompósitos automontados à base de hexaniobato (H2K2Nb6O17)/polialilamina (PAH), além da sua morfologia e os efeitos gerados pelo transporte iônico e eletrônico nas propriedades eletrocrômicas, visando um melhor entendimento dos processos envolvidos em eletrodos com alta eficiência eletrocrômica. Filmes finos foram crescidos a partir do método de automontagem layer-by-layer (LbL), o que permite o controle da espessura e nanoarquitetura, de forma a aumentar a velocidade de difusão de íons lítio na matriz H2K2RNb6O17/PAH, que corresponde a velocidade limitante da reação. Propõe-se um novo método para a determinação do coeficiente de difusão óptico de íons lítio nestes filmes, baseado na Técnica de Titulação Galvanostática Intermitente (GITT). Eletrodos modificados como H2K2Nb6O17, obtidos a partir dos métodos dip-coating e casting também foram examinados para uma melhor compreensão a respeito da intercalação dos íons lítio na matriz hospedeira. / This work is devoted to the basic research of new materials with properties suitable for storage of lithium ions and application in electrochromic devices. An electrochemical investigation of self-assembled nanocomposites based on hexaniobate (H2K2Nb6O17) / poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) was performed, as well as their morphology and the effects generated by the electronic and ionic transports on the electrochromic properties, aiming at a better understanding of the processes involved in electrodes with high electrochromic efficiency. Thin films were grown by means of the layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly method, which enables the control of thickness and nanoarchitecture in order to increase the diffusion speed of lithium ions in the matrix H2KR2Nb6O17/PAH that corresponds to the limiting-rate step of the reaction. A new method, based on the Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT), was proposed for determining the optical diffusion coefficient of lithium ions in the films. H2KR2Nb6O17 modified electrodes obtained from the dip-coating and casting methods were also examined for a better understanding on the intercalation of lithium ions in the host matrix.
4

Eletroinserção de íons lítio em filmes automontados à base de hexaniobato / Lithium ion electro-insertion in self-assembled films based on hexaniobate

Alex Ribeiro Rezende 03 September 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho está direcionado à pesquisa básica de novos materiais com propriedades adequadas para armazenamento de íons lítio e aplicação em dispositivos eletrocrômicos. Realizou-se uma investigação eletroquímica de nanocompósitos automontados à base de hexaniobato (H2K2Nb6O17)/polialilamina (PAH), além da sua morfologia e os efeitos gerados pelo transporte iônico e eletrônico nas propriedades eletrocrômicas, visando um melhor entendimento dos processos envolvidos em eletrodos com alta eficiência eletrocrômica. Filmes finos foram crescidos a partir do método de automontagem layer-by-layer (LbL), o que permite o controle da espessura e nanoarquitetura, de forma a aumentar a velocidade de difusão de íons lítio na matriz H2K2RNb6O17/PAH, que corresponde a velocidade limitante da reação. Propõe-se um novo método para a determinação do coeficiente de difusão óptico de íons lítio nestes filmes, baseado na Técnica de Titulação Galvanostática Intermitente (GITT). Eletrodos modificados como H2K2Nb6O17, obtidos a partir dos métodos dip-coating e casting também foram examinados para uma melhor compreensão a respeito da intercalação dos íons lítio na matriz hospedeira. / This work is devoted to the basic research of new materials with properties suitable for storage of lithium ions and application in electrochromic devices. An electrochemical investigation of self-assembled nanocomposites based on hexaniobate (H2K2Nb6O17) / poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) was performed, as well as their morphology and the effects generated by the electronic and ionic transports on the electrochromic properties, aiming at a better understanding of the processes involved in electrodes with high electrochromic efficiency. Thin films were grown by means of the layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly method, which enables the control of thickness and nanoarchitecture in order to increase the diffusion speed of lithium ions in the matrix H2KR2Nb6O17/PAH that corresponds to the limiting-rate step of the reaction. A new method, based on the Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT), was proposed for determining the optical diffusion coefficient of lithium ions in the films. H2KR2Nb6O17 modified electrodes obtained from the dip-coating and casting methods were also examined for a better understanding on the intercalation of lithium ions in the host matrix.
5

Filmes automontados de óxidos metálicos: eletrocromismo e armazenamento de energia / Self-Assembled films composed of transition metal oxides for electrochromism and charge storage

Tiago Facci 03 July 2009 (has links)
Filmes finos de dióxido de titânio (TiO2), ácido poli(vinil sulfônico) (PVS) e oxo-hidroxo de tungstênio (WOxHy) foram preparados a partir do método de automontagem Layer-by-Layer (LbL), permitindo um alto controle de espessura e nanoarquitetura. As propriedades de armazenamento e transporte de íons lítio foram investigadas visando à utilização destes materiais em baterias secundárias e dispositivos eletrocrômicos. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia de força atômica (AFM), voltametria cíclica, cronoamperometria, titulação galvanostática intermitente (GITT), espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) e espectroscopia eletrônica. Os filmes apresentaram boa ciclabilidade e reversibilidade química nos processos de intercalação/desintercalação de íons lítio. Os filmes TiO2, TiO2/PVS e TiO2/WOxHy apresentaram carga reversível de 254 mC.cm-3, 260 mC.cm-3 e 296 mC.cm-3, respectivamente, e eficiência eletrocrômica de 30,9 cm2.C-1, 26,1 cm2.C-1 e 24,9 cm2.C-1, respectivamente, sob a incidência de radiação eletromagnética monocromática em 660 nm. Finalmente, valores do coeficiente de difusão de íons lítio foram determinados e relacionados com as capacidades específicas e com a velocidade da frente de onda colorida, a partir do modelo proposto neste trabalho. / Thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO2), poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) (PVS) and tungsten oxo-hydroxy (WOxHy) were prepared using the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) method, allowing for strict control of its thickness and nanoarchitecture. The properties of these films concerning lithium ion transport and storage were investigated, so that these materials can be applied in secondary batteries and electrochromic devices in the future. The films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electronic spectroscopy. The films presented good chemical cyclability and reversibility regarding the Li+ insertion and deinsertion process. TiO2, TiO2/PVS, and TiO2/WOxHy films presented reversible charge about 254 mC.cm-3, 260 mC.cm-3, and 296 mC.cm-3, respectively, and coloration efficiency under 660 nm radiation of 30.9 cm2.C-1, 26.1 cm2.C-1, and 24.9 cm2.C-1, respectively. Finally, lithium ion diffusion coefficients can be determined and related with specific capacities and diffusion of coloring waves using the model proposed in this work.
6

Modelagem numerica da salinização da agua de formação e da migração secundaria de hidrocarbonetos na Bacia de Sergipe / Numerical modelling of formation water salinity and secondary migration of hydrocarbon in Sergipe Basin

De Gasperi, Andre 12 July 1999 (has links)
Orientador: Hung Kiang Chang / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T21:45:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DeGasperi_Andre_M.pdf: 15227160 bytes, checksum: cda675b39721b02912e8e36afd9ff03e (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram modelados numericamente a salinização da água de formação e a migração secundária e acumulação dos hidrocarbonetos que preenchem os reservatórios do Membro Carmópolis, da Formação Muribeca, na Bacia de Sergipe. O modelo geológico-geoquímico que serviu de base para a modelagem numérica da salinização foi reproduzido utilizando um simulador de difusão iônica construído para este fim. A simulação considerou a infiltração de água meteórica em porções localizadas nas bordas da bacia, a dissolução de sal da unidade sobreposta e a difusão iônica lateral, como os principais processos controladores da salinização da água de formação. A modelagem da migração secundária e acumulação de hidrocarbonetos na área foi realizada utilizando um simulador de escoamento comercial. A simulação exigiu duas fontes distintas de hidrocarbonetos, configurando duas rotas de migração. Este processo ocorreu inicialmente por migração vertical, através de zona de falha, seguido por deslocamento lateral focalizado, através das rochas carreadoras, até o óleo acumular nas estruturas ou escapar para superfície, nas bordas da bacia / Abstract: In the present study, formation water salinity and secondary migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon in reservoir rocks of Carmópolis Member, Muribeca Formation, were numerically modelled. The geologic-geochemical model of formation water salinity evolution was successfully modelled using an ionic diffusion simulator developed for the present work. The model considered meteoric water infiltration in the basin borders, dissolution of overlying salt beds and lateral ionic diffusion. Secondary migration and accumulation in the study area were modelled using a commercial flow simulator, which required two hydrocarbon sources and two distinct migration pathways. This process occurred initially by vertical migration of hydrocarbon through fault zone, followed by focused lateral migration in the carrier beds, reaching the traps or seeping to the surface / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Petróleo
7

Morphological Property Variation and Ionic Transfer Behaviors of Solid Reactants in Fe-based and CaO-based Chemical Looping Processes

Sun, Zhenchao 16 August 2012 (has links)
No description available.
8

Caracterização de superfícies de vidros expostas a vapores de KNO3 /

Saggioro, Bruno Zaniboni. January 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Ervino Carlos Ziemath / Banca: Dimas Roberto Vollet / Banca: Eduardo Bellini Ferreira / Resumo: Superfícies de vidro plano comercial (flotado) e de vidros sintetizados no laboratório com diferentes concentrações em massa de SnO2 foram expostos aos "vapores" resultantes da decomposição de KNO3 fundido a uma temperatura um pouco abaixo da temperatura de transição vítrea. Medidas de EDS mostram um aumento da concentração dos íons K+ na superfície com o aumento do tempo de exposição aos vapores. Alguns destes íons migraram para o interior dos vidros, conforme mostram as medidas do perfil de concentração. Os coeficientes de difusão foram determinados utilizando a técnica de Bolztzman-Matano. Esta mudança na concentração de K+ provocou modificações estruturais na superfície, alterando algumas de suas propriedades físico-químicas. Espectros de reflexão no infravermelho foram realizadas nestas amostras e mostraram que as alterações mais pronunciadas ocorreram na banda em tono de 950 cm-1. A dureza Vickers aumenta com o tempo de exposição. O índice de refração foi determinado pelos métodos de Brewster e refratometria Abbe. Constatou-se que quanto maior o tempo de exposição aos vapores, maior o valor do índice de refração das amostras. Foi verificado se esta nova técnica de troca iônica, isto é, por exposição a vapores, é propicia na preparação de dispositivos baseados em guias de ondas planares, utilizando a técnica de acoplamento de prisma. Vidros sintetizados também foram submetidos a testes de dilatometria com o intuito de determinar a temperatura de transição vítrea e calcular o coeficiente de expansão térmica. Medidas de densidade foram realizadas utilizando o principio de Arquimedes. Há diversas evidências experimentais que o estanho incorporado à estrutura vítrea atua como cátion formador de vidros, e que inibe a difusão iônica. / Abstract: Surfaces of commercial plane glass (floated) and glasses synthesized in laboratory with different concentrations of SnO2 were exposed to "vapors" resulting from the decomposition of molten KNO3 at temperatures somewhat below the glass transitions. EDS measurements show an increase of the K+ concentration at the surfaces during the time of exposition to the vapors. Some of these ions migrate into the near surface layers of the samples, according to the measured concentration profiles. Diffusion coefficients were determined using the Bolztzman-Matano technique. The changes in concentration promote structural modifications at the surfaces, changing some of the physico-chemical properties of the glasses. Reflectance spectra in the infrared were carried out in these samples and one observe that the most pronounced change occurred around 950 cm-1. The Vickers hardness increases with the exposition time. The refractive index was determined by Brewster method and by Abbe refractometry. The longer the time of exposition to the vapors, the higher was the refractive index of the samples. This new technique of ionic exchange, that is, the exposition to vapors, was tested to verify if it is appropriate to prepare planar waveguide devices, and the coupling prism method was employed. Synthesized glasses were also subjected to dilatometric tests in order to determine the glass transition temperature, Tg, and the average thermal expansion coefficient, a. Density measurements were performed using Archimedes principle. There are several experimental evidences that tin is incorporated in the glass structure as a glass former cation, and it hinders ionic diffusion. / Mestre
9

Investigations of Electron, Ion, and Proton Transport in Zirconium-based Metal-Organic Frameworks

Celis Salazar, Paula Juliana 16 July 2018 (has links)
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials consisting of organic ligands connected by inorganic nodes. Their structural uniformity, high surface area, and synthetic tunability, position these frameworks as suitable active materials to achieve efficient and clean electrochemical energy storage. In spite of recent demonstrations of MOFs undergoing diverse electrochemical processes, a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of electron, proton, and ion transport in these porous structures is needed for their application in electronic devices. The current work focuses on contributing to such understanding by investigating proton-coupled electron transfer, capacitance performance, and the relative contribution of electron and ionic transport in the voltammetry of zirconium-based MOFs. First, we investigated the effects that the quinone ligand orientation inside two new UiO-type metal-organic frameworks (2,6-Zr-AQ-MOF and 1,4-Zr-AQ-MOF) have on the ability of the MOFs to achieve proton and electron conduction. The number of electrons and protons transferred by the frameworks was tailored in a Nernstian manner by the pH of the media, revealing different electrochemical processes separated by distinct pKa values. In particular, the position of the quinone moiety with respect to the zirconium node, the effect of hydrogen bonding, and the amount of defects in the MOFs, lead to different PCET processes. The ability of the MOFs to transport discrete numbers of protons and electrons, suggested their application as charge carriers in electronic devices. With that purpose in mind, we assembled 2,6-Zr-AQ-MOF and 1,4-Zr-AQ-MOF into two different types of working electrodes: a slurry-modified glassy carbon electrode, and as solvothermally-grown MOF thin films. The specific capacitance and the percentage of quinone accessed in the two frameworks were calculated for the two types of electrodes using cyclic voltammetry in aqueous buffered media as a function of pH. Both frameworks showed an enhanced capacitance and quinone accessibility in the thin films as compared to the powder-based electrodes, while revealing that the structural differences between 2,6-Zr-AQ-MOF and 1,4-Zr-AQ-MOF in terms of defectivity and the number of electrons and protons transferred were directly influencing the percentage of active quinones and the ability of the materials to store charge. Additionally, we investigated in detail the redox-hopping electron transport mechanism previously proposed for MOFs, by utilizing the chronoamperometric response (I vs. t) of three metallocene-doped metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) thin films (M-NU-1000, M= Fe, Ru, Os) in two different electrolytes (TBAPF6 and TBATFAB). We were able to elucidate, for the first time, the diffusion coefficients of electrons and ions (De and Di, respectively) through the structure in response to an oxidizing applied bias. The application of a theoretical model for solid state-voltammetry to the experimental data revealed that the diffusion of ions is the rate-determining step at the three different time stages of the electrochemical transformation. Remarkably, the trends observed in the diffusion coefficients (De and Di) of these systems obtained in PF61- and TFAB1- based electrolytes at the different stages of the electrochemical reaction, demonstrated that the redox hopping rates inside frameworks can be controlled through the modifications of the self-exchange rates of redox centers, the use of large MOF channels, and the utilization of smaller counter anions. These structure-function relationships provide a foundation for the future design, control, and optimization of electronic and ionic transport properties in MOF thin films. / PHD / The necessity of implementing new energy storage systems that enable the utilization of clean energy in diverse technologies such as electric vehicles and smart power grids, has generated great research efforts in the field of materials science. In particular, the development of nanoscale-based materials that can be utilized in batteries and supercapacitors is essential for achieving effective and clean electrochemical energy storage. Two of the main desired properties for such materials to be employed as electrodes in energy storage devices are high surface area and the possibility of incorporating redox-active moieties that are able to store electricity. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a relatively new kind of porous materials with high surface area and structural uniformity, consisting of organic ligands connected by inorganic nodes. The application of these materials in charge transport and storage is still in its early stages. Therefore, fundamental understanding of the mechanism of electron, proton, and ion transport in MOFs is necessary for a rational design of these porous structures. In order to contribute to such understanding, the present work is focus on two main concepts: (1) elucidating the effect that the tridimensional orientation of redox moieties inside the MOF could have on the charge storage performance and the ability of the material to achieve proton and electron conduction; and (2) quantifying for the first time the individual relative contribution of electron and ionic transport in MOF materials.
10

Caracterização de superfícies de vidros expostas a vapores de KNO3

Saggioro, Bruno Zaniboni [UNESP] 01 March 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-03-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:28:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 saggioro_bz_me_rcla.pdf: 2011105 bytes, checksum: 3a55198b06d17033aac4826618ba3503 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Superfícies de vidro plano comercial (flotado) e de vidros sintetizados no laboratório com diferentes concentrações em massa de SnO2 foram expostos aos vapores resultantes da decomposição de KNO3 fundido a uma temperatura um pouco abaixo da temperatura de transição vítrea. Medidas de EDS mostram um aumento da concentração dos íons K+ na superfície com o aumento do tempo de exposição aos vapores. Alguns destes íons migraram para o interior dos vidros, conforme mostram as medidas do perfil de concentração. Os coeficientes de difusão foram determinados utilizando a técnica de Bolztzman-Matano. Esta mudança na concentração de K+ provocou modificações estruturais na superfície, alterando algumas de suas propriedades físico-químicas. Espectros de reflexão no infravermelho foram realizadas nestas amostras e mostraram que as alterações mais pronunciadas ocorreram na banda em tono de 950 cm-1. A dureza Vickers aumenta com o tempo de exposição. O índice de refração foi determinado pelos métodos de Brewster e refratometria Abbe. Constatou-se que quanto maior o tempo de exposição aos vapores, maior o valor do índice de refração das amostras. Foi verificado se esta nova técnica de troca iônica, isto é, por exposição a vapores, é propicia na preparação de dispositivos baseados em guias de ondas planares, utilizando a técnica de acoplamento de prisma. Vidros sintetizados também foram submetidos a testes de dilatometria com o intuito de determinar a temperatura de transição vítrea e calcular o coeficiente de expansão térmica. Medidas de densidade foram realizadas utilizando o principio de Arquimedes. Há diversas evidências experimentais que o estanho incorporado à estrutura vítrea atua como cátion formador de vidros, e que inibe a difusão iônica. / Surfaces of commercial plane glass (floated) and glasses synthesized in laboratory with different concentrations of SnO2 were exposed to vapors resulting from the decomposition of molten KNO3 at temperatures somewhat below the glass transitions. EDS measurements show an increase of the K+ concentration at the surfaces during the time of exposition to the vapors. Some of these ions migrate into the near surface layers of the samples, according to the measured concentration profiles. Diffusion coefficients were determined using the Bolztzman-Matano technique. The changes in concentration promote structural modifications at the surfaces, changing some of the physico-chemical properties of the glasses. Reflectance spectra in the infrared were carried out in these samples and one observe that the most pronounced change occurred around 950 cm-1. The Vickers hardness increases with the exposition time. The refractive index was determined by Brewster method and by Abbe refractometry. The longer the time of exposition to the vapors, the higher was the refractive index of the samples. This new technique of ionic exchange, that is, the exposition to vapors, was tested to verify if it is appropriate to prepare planar waveguide devices, and the coupling prism method was employed. Synthesized glasses were also subjected to dilatometric tests in order to determine the glass transition temperature, Tg, and the average thermal expansion coefficient, a. Density measurements were performed using Archimedes principle. There are several experimental evidences that tin is incorporated in the glass structure as a glass former cation, and it hinders ionic diffusion.

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