Antes de empezar, quisiera mencionar que todos los datos que presento en esta tesis corresponden a la recolección que realicé durante mi trabajo de campo en la Comunidad Nativa San Antonio de Pintuyacu, los meses de junio-agosto y setiembre-noviembre de 2004 y junio-agosto de 2005.

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Antes de empezar, quisiera mencionar que todos los datos que presento en esta tesis corresponden a la recolección que realicé durante mi trabajo de campo en la Comunidad Nativa San Antonio de Pintuyacu, los meses de junio-agosto y setiembre-noviembre de 2004 y junio-agosto de 2005.

El propósito de esta investigación de tesis es describir y explicitar, sincrónicamente, la formación de palabras derivadas en la lengua iquito. Tal intención debe explicar el porqué algunas reglas de derivación mediante la sufijación se aplican a una sola base y otras reglas de derivación mediante sufijación, a diferentes bases; y también por qué la vocal final “a” de la base se alarga y se alza como “vv” ante algunas reglas de derivación. Para lograrlo se ha asumido en este trabajo los supuestos teóricos de la morfología léxica presentados en el trabajo de Scalise (1987). Durante el mes de octubre y la primera semana de noviembre, se realizaron entrevistas cualitativas, según un cuestionario de preguntas, a dos hablantes bilingües iquito-castellano (los “especialistas”) en la comunidad nativa de San Antonio de Pintuyacu (Loreto, Perú). Dichas entrevistas trataron sobre los procesos derivacionales permitidos por las siguientes categorías léxicas: sustantivo, verbo y adjetivo. Los resultados muestran que la lengua iquito presenta sufijos derivativos que se pueden añadir a una sola base o a bases diferentes, siempre que éstas tengan rasgos sintácticos categoriales en común, para formar sustantivos, verbos o adjetivos. También la adjunción nula permite la formación de sustantivos a partir de verbos. Asimismo, existen algunas reglas de derivación y de flexión que requieren la alomorfía de sus respectivas bases para que se puedan aplicar a éstas. -- Palabras clave: adjunción nula, alomorfía, base, debilitamiento consonántico, derivación, iquito, palabra simple, palabra derivada, rasgos sintácticos categoriales, reglas de derivación, sufijo derivativo, tema. / Tesis

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (University of Texas Digital Repository, viewed on Sept. 9, 2009). Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Following Smith's (1991, 1997) two-component theory, this dissertation investigates the structural characteristics and the semantic properties of the temporal system, including tense, mood, viewpoint aspect, situation aspect and discourse modes, of Iquito, a highly endangered and moribund language spoken in the northern Peruvian Amazon. Iquito has three tenses: Extended Current Tense, Recent Past Tense, and Distant Past Tense. Extended Current Tense gives a Reference Time (RT) frame from the day which includes Speech Time (SpT) to the infinite future. Therefore, situations occurring earlier on the same day or unrealized situations both appear in sentences with this tense. The temporal interpretation is inferred from the combination of aspect and mood morphology. Recent Past Tense gives a frame of RT from yesterday to one to two years prior to SpT. Distant Past Tense gives a frame of RT from one to two years prior to SpT extending backward to the infinitely remote past. Temporal boundaries among the tenses are not rigidly fixed in terms of a metrical conception of time. Iquito has seven perfective aspects, including a General, a Momentary, a Remote, two Deictic, an Allative, and an Ablative Perfective Aspect and one Imperfective Aspect. Remote Perfective Aspect incorporates an adverbial component while Ablative and Allative Perfectives incorporate directional components and Deictic Perfectives incorporate deictic components. The system of perfective aspects in Iquito manifests the importance of expressing the realization of an event in conjunction with information about the time of the day, location, and routing in terms of location. Regarding situation aspect, I propose that there are six types in Iquito, including States, Activities, Accomplishments, Achievements, Semelfactives and Motions, which all manifest language-specific correlates. With respect to grammatical moods, realis and irrealis moods are manifested in Iquito through a typologically unique strategy: word order change and vowel hiatus resolution. Regarding Discourse Modes, I find four modes in Iquito, including Narrative, Report, Description and Information. In addition, Quoted Speech manifests an interesting mixture of modes. This dissertation adds another dimension to the close connections among tense, aspect and mood, and contributes to linguistic documentation and advances the structural and semantic analysis of Iquito and Amazonian languages. It also contributes to research on the crosslinguistic variation of temporal semantics and to linguistics in general through an interesting case study. / text

This thesis explores adverb distribution in Iquito, a Zaparoan language spoken byapproximately 25 people in the northern Amazon Basin of Peru. The syntactic distributions of Iquito adverbs correspond to four semantic classes: time, manner,epistemic, and an intensifier. Time adverbs have the broadest distribution, occurring before the topic of a topicalized sentence, between topic and subject, after the verb, and after the object of a transitive sentence. Manner adverbs have a similar distribution, but are not found before topic. Epistemic adverbs have an even narrower distribution, never occurring sentence-initially (whether the sentence is topicalized or not) and rarely occurring between topic and subject. The intensifier adverb has the most restricted distribution, as it only occurs before adjectives or other adverbs. These distributions can be used to classify "atypical" adverbs, namely infinitival verbs that are used adverbially. Furthermore, these distributions shed light on the phrase structure of Iquito. Adverbs are analyzed in the literature as adjuncts, and the allowable positions are explained either as the result of adjunction to different constituents (Ernst 2002; Iatridou 1990) or movement between adjoined positions (Cinque 1999). The pre-verbal positions of Iquito adverbs, particularly in irrealis and negated constructions, raise questions for these analyses. The data demonstrate that adverbs can occupy non-adjoined positions, namely the object position in an irrealis (SOV) construction and possibly negation, forcing a reevaluation of the current treatment of adverbs. The research also expands the existing documentation on Iquito. / text

Iquito, a highly endangered Zaparoan language of the Peruvian Amazon, exhibits a typologically unusual word order alternation that marks the grammatical category of reality status (i.e. the distinction between realized (realis) and unrealized or hypothetical (irrealis) events). This alternation is the only reliable marker of the category; Iquito does not employ morphology to mark the realis/irrealis distinction. While the word order of Iquito realis constructions is reliably SVO, the word order of irrealis constructions does not fall into one of the canonical orders. It is characterized by an element (X) intervening between the subject and the verb, resulting in the order SXV. In this dissertation, I provide a detailed description and analysis of the realis/irrealis word order alternation. Using data from both elicitation and texts that I collected while in the field, I describe the types of elements that occur in the preverbal position of the irrealis construction, determine what unifies these elements, and establish which element of the sentence will occur in this position and what conditions this choice. Relying on the available data for the other languages in the family, I examine the expression of reality status in these languages and discuss how reality status comes to be associated with word order. I also provide a survey of other languages exhibiting similar word order alternations and discuss how they compare to the alternation we see in Iquito, concluding that Iquito is an example of an “ideal” word order alternation because word order is the sole indicator of the grammatical category with which it is associated. / text