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The contexts of Seamus Heaney's writing have been routinely noted but their critical interrogation has, to date, been limited. This thesis resituates Heaney's work to reassert the significance of his writing in its varied times and places. Its aim is to revive the web of connections within which Heaney's work was written, published, and received, and this accounts for the "society" of the title. While the idea of society as entity remains important, the word is employed primarily as a capacious guiding principle. Society's adjective, social, is always connected: to be "social" in any sense is always to be implicated in a wider context or contexts. A central ambition has been to reappraise Heaney's work in relation to the situation in Northern Ireland during the three decades under consideration. A trend in criticism has been to offer reductive contextual accounts which risk depreciating the value of a historicist approach. This thesis demonstrates instead how Heaney's work is implicated in textual, cultural, and institutional networks which were themselves conditioned by the unique circumstances in Northern Ireland. It considers: the London publishing scene on which his work emerged; his relationship to Belfast mediated through television documentary; his radio work for the BBC Northern Ireland Schools Service; his relationship to Derry mediated through photography; and ideas of audience, address, and redress in his Oxford lectures. Participating in the increasingly interdisciplinary treatment of literature within and beyond Irish Studies, the literary analysis at the heart of this project is undertaken within a broader framework of cultural criticism. The significance of this contribution lies not solely in its acts of historical recovery, but in the critical reorientation these permit. By locating Heaney as a respondent in varied public arenas we can understand the genesis not only of his work but of the international establishment literary figure he became.

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The debate that rages around the concept of austerity, specifically in Europe, lacks context. This paper strives to show that successful reforms are 1) pragmatic in their nature, 2) piecemeal in ideology, 3) mandated by supranational institutions that disregard national sovereignty, 4) unattainable prior to the crisis and 5) long-term in their timeframe. Reforms have had beneficial implications above and beyond fiscal austerity. In the case studies of Ireland, Spain and Greece, the reforms instituted are laid out and evaluated. In each case, reforms achieved a different outcome but allow one to see the merits of well-regulated free market capitalism. When reform is appreciated, the legacy of the European and Troika response to the crisis becomes more appropriate.

This research is the first of its kind to explore the complexity of the Irish interaction with empire using one particular case study, British Cyprus during the period of the EOKA insurgency, 1955-59. There are three main areas of enquiry. Firstly, it traces the Twenty-Six County response to decolonisation in Cyprus. Ireland’s anti-colonial credentials have been cited frequently but all too fleetingly. No comprehensive study has been done on post-independent Ireland’s response to British decolonisation anywhere. Popular opinion and how it was reflected in the Irish press organs is examined to gauge if the response was an expression of a wider Irish anticolonial sensibility or a suitable peg upon which to hang Irish nationalist grievances. In dealing with the republican response to the EOKA insurgency, it reveals that no closer relationship was formed between active Irish republicans and foreign anticolonial insurgents than that which existed between the IRA and EOKA. Secondly, this work deals with the Irish institutional response to the Cyprus Question. The motivations behind the muted response by the Catholic Church and the more active response by the Church of Ireland are examined. In the field of Irish foreign policy, it covers the Irish government’s official response and the substantial role played by Irish delegates at the Council of Europe and at the United Nations on the Cyprus Question. Thirdly, this work analyses the Irish participation in British Cyprus during the period of the EOKA insurgency. In the latter half of the 1950s, Ireland continued to be far more involved in Britain’s colonial outposts than the hegemonic nationalist narrative then or since has acknowledged. This work serves as a corrective by providing an account of the Irish judicial and military contribution to law and order in Cyprus during the period of the EOKA insurgency. The research sheds light on neglected aspects of 1950s Ireland and enriches the existing literature on Ireland and Empire. It adds new depths to the existing body of material dealing with the Cyprus Emergency. The importance of the discoveries made by analysing the Irish interaction with the Cyprus Emergency adds weight to the concept of approaching British imperial history using the archipelagic or ‘fournation’ model. The following provides one piece of that particular jigsaw.

GROWING UP IN IRELAND: FACTORS IMPACTING SLEEP PATTERNS OF PRETERM INFANTS By Joanne Fallon MS, OT, PhD A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2015. Major Director: Shelly J. Lane, PhD, Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy Preterm infants represent the largest child patient group in the European Union (EU), accounting for 5.5-11.4% of all births (European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants, 2011b). Preterm birth is defined as birth prior to 37 weeks gestation. Infants born late preterm (34-36 weeks) are considered more similar to early preterm (> 34 weeks) than to full-term infants, despite previously regarded as near-term (Raju Higgins, Stark, & Leveno, 2006). For preterm infants, sleeping functions are critical as they demonstrate the ability to adjust to biological and social rhythms and support emotional regulation, learning, and memory. Many studies have focused on sleep patterns of full-term infants; however, few have investigated preterm infants and none have compared early and late preterm infants with a population from the Republic of Ireland. The purpose of this study was to identify infant and parent characteristics that promote optimal sleep in preterm infants and to establish whether the parent-infant relationship mediates this association. A secondary purpose was to test the transactional model of sleep. Parent report of infant sleep was taken from a recent population-based dataset from the Republic of Ireland. A comparison of the day and nighttime sleep patterns of early and late preterm infants found no difference between groups. There was also no difference in infant temperament, breast-feeding, parental stress, depression, or sociodemographics. A difference was found between groups in infant development, weight at 9 months, and age infant began solid foods. This finding was not surprising as infants born early preterm are at greater at greater risk of developmental delay and disability. Results of this study suggest that the paternal-infant relationship has a mediating impact on the relationship between infant temperament and nighttime waking in the early preterm group only, while the maternal-infant relationship has a mediating role in both groups. These findings add to the body of knowledge on the transactional model of sleep, and are the first to identify infant temperament and the paternal-infant relationship as important factors. Implications of these results are discussed in the context of the transactional model of sleep and recommendations for future research are presented.

This research investigates the determinants of retailer power within retailer-manufacturer relationships by specifying and testing three models of retailer power. It is based on a sample of 55 Irish food manufacturers and their experiences of relationships with Irish and British retailers. The study adopts the view that the existing body of research into relationships with retailers is fragmented, and that a more complete understanding of these power relations may be obtained by simultaneously focusing on three sets of factors. The factors are industry specific, firm and product specific, and relationship specific. Much of the existing empirical work investigating power relations implicitly assumes power to be unidimensional through the measures employed. Consequently, the current study investigates retailer power, measured as a unidimensional construct. However, the work proceeds to explicitly acknowledge that power is multidimensional by examining retailers' power over manufacturers' product related and margin related activities. In examining these two dimensions of power, findings ofa more strategic nature are obtained. The analysis draws on the importance French and Raven (1959) attributed to observability as a determinant of power. While neglected throughout the power literature, observability, by introducing monitoring activities, provides a bridge with the transaction cost literature. In this way, specific investments, and the role of retailers' branding strategies, are incorporated into our study of power. The relationship between retailers' monitoring activities and power is specified. Proceeding from monitoring activities, the analysis sheds light on the determinants of inter-firm integration between retailers and food manufacturers. The role of specific investments, symmetric dependency, brand portfolio and retail influence on price are highlighted. The analysis of retailers' product related power supports the role of retail concentration, product shelf-life, manufacturer specific investments and retailers' product monitoring activities. Examining retail margin related power points to the importance of retail concentration, own brand penetration, the importance of economies of scale in manufacturing, product shelf life and manufacturer specific investments. Finally, retail power, measured as a unidimensional construct, is found to be related to own brand market penetration, the importance of economies of scale in manufacturing, manufacturer specific investments and retailers' monitoring activities.

This diploma thesis deals with women who played an active part in the struggle for Irish independence in the years 1890-1921. The women who I mainly focused on weren`t mere auxiliaries to men. Even though Ireland at that time was a highly conservative country, where the role of both sexes was strictly divided, these women managed to challenge social conventions. They founded their own national organizations, which (perhaps in their size, definitely in their prominence) had then no equivalent in other European countries. They used every opportunity to assert themselves in political as well as military fields and some of them even took up high political posts. Therefore besides depicting the actual activities of women on behalf of the national movement, this work is trying to evaluate the mutual relationship between nationalism and the question of women`s emancipation. The main events of the Anglo-Irish conflict then provide the background for this work. According to this the diploma is divided chronologically into three main chapters, which deal with the periods before and after the first world war. That is because the world war contributed largely to the breakout of the Easter uprising and the following rise of a mass revolutionary movement in Ireland. The diploma ends with gains of a dominion...

The subject of this diploma thesis is the Irish dramatist Marina Carr and her crucial set of plays within the body of her work, the Midlands trilogy (The Mai, Portia Coughlan, By the Bog of Cats…) This thesis aims to provide an analysis of the poetics of Marina Carr, mainly by analysis of the use of myth in her work and the usage of the landscape. Key words: Irish drama, Marina Carr, Midlands trilogy, The Mai, Portia Coughlan, By the Bog of Cats…, space, mother as a personified nation, suicide, identity, Medea, mother, myth

Thesis advisor: Marjorie Howes / This project explores Dracula's many shifting guises and identities, chiefly examining them through an Irish/Mytho-Celtic lens. Among these are Dracula's role as conqueror, mythical Celtic figure, sexual liberator, imperialist, aristocrat, landlord, victim and agent of imperialism. Although Dracula's nature and his portrayal in the novel is often contradictory, this project seeks to acknowledge the contradictions while at the same time pushing beyond them to get at the, for lack of a better phrase, soul of Dracula's character. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2005. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: English. / Discipline: College Honors Program.