Les activités catalytiques de complexes du ruthénium et de l'iridium ont été examinées dans trois thématiques. De nouvelles phosphines chirales bifonctionnelles à groupement acide et les complexes métalliques correspondants ont été préparés. Nous avons montré que le nouveau ligand (S)-Sulfo-binepine est très efficace pour l'hydrogénation énantiosélective de cétones aromatiques catalysée par le ruthénium et l'hydrogénation énantiosélective de cétiminesaromatiques en présence de catalyseurs de l'iridium. Sur la base d'études mécanistiques, un mécanisme de sphère externe a été proposé pour l'hydrogénation de cétones. Dans le cas de l'hydrogénation de cétimines, les intermédiaires-clés ont été obtenus, ce qui a permis de proposer deux chemins réactionnels compétitifs pour expliquer les effets sur l'énantiosélectivité. Les fonctionnalisations d'amines cycliques sur l'atome d'azote et les carbones en α et β de l'hétéroatome ont été réalisées grâce à des processus de transfert d'hydrogène assistés par des catalyseurs du ruthénium et l'iridium à ligand phosphinesulfonate. / In this doctoral thesis, the catalytic activities of new ruthenium and iridium complexes have been examined in three major topics. New chiral phosphine-containing acidic bifunctional ligands and correspondingmetalcomplexes have been prepared. (S)-Sulfo-binepine was shown to be a very efficient novel ligand for ruthenium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of aryl ketones and iridium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of arylketimines. Based on mechanistic studies, outer-sphere mechanism was proposed for ketone hydrogenation. For ketimine hydrogenation, the key intermediate and resting species have been obtained, allowing the proposal of two competitive reaction pathways to explain the effects on enantioselectivity. N- and(α,β)-C-functionalization of cyclic amines have been achieved via borrowing hydrogen processes assisted by ruthenium and iridium phosphinesulfonate catalysts.

Le travail de recherche concerne l'utilisation de catalyseurs à base de métaux de transition: ruthénium, iridium, cobalt, argent, pour la transformation de substrats bio-sourcés renouvelables en produits à valeur ajoutée pour l'industrie chimique et l'énergie. La transformation par transfert d'hydrogène de l'acide lévulinique en γ-valérolactone a d'abord été développée avec de nouveaux catalyseurs du ruthénium et de l'iridium porteurs d'un ligand dipyridylamine et d'un chlorure en utilisant l'acide formique comme source d'hydrogène. Puis de nouveaux catalyseurs zwitterioniques de type ruthénium et iridium(sulfato)(dipyridylamine) ont été préparés et ils ont conduit aux meilleures productivités observées pour la réduction de l'acide lévulinique en γ-valérolactone par hydrogénation directe. Sur la base des excellentes performances des complexes iridium(sulfato)dans des processus de réduction, l'amination réductrice de l'acide lévulinique et de l'acide o-formylbenzoïque a été réalisée et a permis la synthèse efficace de dérivés de type pyrrolidones, en particulier à partir d'amines primaires encombrées. La déshydrogénation sélective de l'acide formique dans des conditions douces sans additif en milieu aqueux ou en absence de solvant a été développée avec les mêmes types de catalyseurs de l'iridium porteurs du ligand modifié diméthylaminodipyridylamine. Finalement, une méthode d'hydrogénation douce de cétones a été mise en évidence en présence d'un système catalytique à base de nanoparticules d'argent générées in situ. Ce système catalytique permet d'obtenir de bonnes efficacité et sélectivité vis-à-vis d'autre groupement fonctionnels. / This research work deals with the use of catalysts based on transition metals, such as ruthenium, iridium, cobalt, silver for transformations of renewable bio-based substrates to valuable products for applications in chemical industry and energy. The transfer hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone with novel ruthenium- and iridium(dipyridylamine)chloride complexes using formic acid as hydrogen source was first developed. Then, novel zwitterionic ruthenium and iridium(sulfato)(dipyridylamine) catalysts were prepared, which displayed the highest turnover numbers reported for the reduction of levulinic acid into γ valerolactone using H₂ as hydrogen source. Based on the high catalytic performance of the iridium(sulfato)complexes in reduction processes, the efficient reductive amination of levulinic acid and o formylbenzoic acid, in particular with bulky primary amines, for the synthesis of pyrrolidone derivatives was disclosed. The selective dehydrogenation of formic acid under mild conditions in aqueous media or neat conditions without using an organic additive has been developed using iridium catalysts of the same family equipped with a modified dimethylaminodipyridylamineas ligand. Finally, an unprecedented hydrogenation of ketones in the presence of in situ generated silvernanoparticleswas discovered. High efficacy and functional group selectivity have been achieved in most cases.

No description available.

Une méthode simple et efficace a été développée pour la préparation de ligands bifonctionnels associant les motifs phosphine ou phosphite d'une part, et carbène Nhétérocyclique(NHC) ou imidazolium d'autre part. Dans un premier temps, une série de ligands diphénylphosphine-carbène chiraux portant un centre stéréogène en a de la phosphinea été développée à partir b-hydroxyesters. Une famille de ligands a ainsi été développée afin d'évaluer l'influence de l'encombrement stérique de différents groupements alkyles en a de la phosphine et de la nature des groupements aromatiques portés sur l'imidazole sur leur activité catalytique. L’étude s’est ensuite étendue à la synthèse de ligands de type dialkylphosphine carbène et phosphite-carbène. Ces différents ligands ont été complexés avec des métaux tels que l’iridium ou le rhodium de manière à en étudier l’activité en hydrogénation asymétrique. / A straightforward method for the preparation of new bidentate ligands containing aphosphine or a phosphite and a carbene function was developed. Different phosphorus-imidazolium compounds were prepared according to this method. First, diphenylphosphine-NHC ligands featuring a stereogenic center a to the phosphine were synthesized from b-hydroxyesters. This strategy was then extended to the preparation of phosphite-imidazoliumand dialkylphosphine-imidazolium compounds. Complexation of these phosphorus-NHCligands with different metals like Ir or Rh was performed in order to study there catalytic properties in asymmetric hydrogenation.

Iridium complexes with a chiral metal center and chiral carbons, Λ/Δ-(dfppy)₂Ir(chty-R) and Λ/Δ-(dfppy)2Ir(chty-S), were synthesized and characterized. These isomers have the same steadystate photophysical properties, and obvious offsets in ECD spectra highlight both the chiral sources. Each enantiomeric couple shows mirror-image CPL bands with a dissymmetry factor in the order of 10ˉ³.

The main focus of this master thesis is the investigation of the anode catalysts for the Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers (PEM-WEs). PEM-WEs play a pivotal role in the hydrogen economy concept as they allow water decomposition into oxygen and hydrogen. However, their operation requires expensive noble metal catalysts, i.e., iridium or platinum. This issue has yet to be solved to mass-produce PEM-WEs. Consequently, our main objective is to reduce the amount of iridium on the anode of PEM-WEs. We addressed this objective by two distinct approaches: morphological and chemical. With the morphological approach, plasma etching of the membrane and the magnetron sput- tering of CeO2 served to increase the membrane's active surface. Hence we improved the catalysts utilization. With the chemical approach, we focused on the catalyst itself. Thus, we replaced the pure iridium catalyst with a bimetallic iridium-ruthenium one. Therefore, the activity of the catalyst was enhanced while its price got reduced. To ex- plain and describe the catalyst's behavior, we used various electrochemical methods and surface analysis techniques. Finally, we combined both approaches to obtain one active, stable, and low-iridium-loading anode catalyst for PEM-WE.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Funktionalisierung von SF4 mit Übergangsmetallkomplexen des Rhodiums und Iridiums. Ein besonderer Fokus lag dabei auf Vaska-ähnlichen Fluorido-Komplexen. Ausgehend von den entsprechenden Chloridokomplexen wurde die Darstellung von trans-[M(F)(CO)(PR3)2] (M = Rh, R = Et, Ph, iPr, Cy, tBu; M = Ir, R = Et, iPr, Cy, tBu) etabliert und die Produkte umfassend charakterisiert. Aufgrund des sterischen Anspruchs der Phosphanliganden, gelingt die Insertion in eine der S−F- Bindung von SF4 nur für trans-[M(F)(CO)(PEt3)2] (M = Rh, Ir). Des Weiteren kann SF4 auch an trans-[Ir(CH3)(CO)(PEt3)2], trans-[Rh(Cl)(CNtBu)(PEt3)2] und trans-[Rh(Cl)(CS)(PEt3)2] addiert werden. Die gebildeten Trifluorosulfanylkomplexe cis,trans-[M(F)2(SF3)(CO)(PEt3)2] (M = Rh, Ir) und trans-[Rh(Cl)(F)(SF3)(CR)(PEt3)2] (R = NtBu, S) zeigen ein dynamisches Verhalten auf der NMR-Zeitskala und sind nur bei tiefen Temperaturen stabil. Durch die Umsetzung mit den Lewis-Säuren BF3 und AsF5 lassen sich die SF3-Komplexe in die entsprechenden Difluorosulfonium-Verbindungen überführen. Auch diese Komplexe besitzen eine begrenzte Stabilität und zerfallen unter Bildung von cis,cis-[M(F)(µ-F)(CO)(PEt3)2]2[A]2 (M = Rh, Ir, A = BF4, AsF6). Des Weiteren resultieren SOF-Komplexe aus der Hydrolyse des SF3-Liganden. In Umsetzung von cis,trans-[Rh(F)2(SF3)(CO)(PEt3)2] mit Ethanol bzw. Morpholin wird die Übertragung der SF3-Einheit auf das Sauerstoff- bzw. Stickstoffatom beobachtet und stellt das erste Beispiel einer Trifluorosulfanylierung dar. Zudem konnten erstmalig 103Rh-NMR-spektrokopische Studien an Rhodium-Fluorido-Komplexen durchgeführt werden. / This work illustrates the functionalization of SF4 with rhodium and iridium complexes with a special focus on Vaska-type fluorido compounds. A route to access trans-[M(F)(CO)(PR3)2] (M = Rh, R = Et, Ph, iPr, Cy, tBu; M = Ir, R = Et, iPr, Cy, tBu) was established by halogen exchange at the corresponding chlorido complexes. The treatment of the fluorido complexes with SF4 furnished SF3-complexes only in the case of trans-[M(F)(CO)(PEt3)2] (M = Rh, Ir). Therefore the steric demand of the phosphine ligands was suggested to be the key factor for the oxidative addition of this substrate. Furthermore, the insertion of trans-[Ir(CH3)(CO)(PEt3)2], trans-[Rh(Cl)(CNtBu)(PEt3)2] and trans-[Rh(Cl)(CS)(PEt3)2] into one of the S−F-bonds was achieved. A dynamic behaviour on the NMR time scale was observed for cis,trans-[M(F)2(SF3)(CO)(PEt3)2] (M = Rh, Ir) and trans-[Rh(Cl)(F)(SF3)(CR)(PEt3)2] (R = NtBu, S) and all SF3-complexes show a limited stability. Upon reaction with the Lewis-acids BF3 and AsF5 the SF3-compounds can be converted into the corresponding difluorosulfonium-complexes. Those complexes are instable as well and decompose to form cis,cis-[M(F)(µ-F)(CO)(PEt3)2]2[A]2 (M = Rh, Ir, A = BF4, AsF6), which is a unprecedented structural motif so far. In addition, treatment of the trifluorosulfanyl complexes with H2O leads to the generation of a SOF-ligand. Trifluorosulfanylation was observed in the reaction of cis,trans-[Rh(F)2(SF3)(CO)(PEt3)2] with ethanol or morpholine and showed the presence of EtOSF3 or Morpholinosulfur trifluoride (MOST), respectively. So far, a transfer of a SF3-moiety has not been observed for transitionmetal- or organosulfur trifluorides. Moreover, first studies on 103Rh-NMR-spectroscopy have been conducted containing Rhodium-fluorido-complexes.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / To monitor ocean resources and environment, we develop an ocean stereo telemetry system built on a PC104 industrial control computer, which is carried by a buoy on the ocean. All monitoring instruments communicate with the computer by six serial ports in virtue of time division multiple access and are synchronized by GPS time to collect data. All monitoring data is archived and compressed in format of RINEX (Receiver Independent Exchange). The uploading data and downloading control command to and from monitoring center is transferred by Iridium communication in automatic retransmission request and broken-point continuing mechanism.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / A Flight Safety System (RAFS) for multiple, reliable Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV’s) capable of flying Over-the-Horizon (OTH) and outside test range airspace. In addition to the flight safety application, the described full-duplex data link is suitable as a backup command and control link for UAV’s, and for sensor control & data exfiltration. The IRIDIUM satellite system was selected to provide the communications link and because of its global coverage and requisite data throughputs. A Risk Reduction activity ensued to quantify IRIDIUM performance. Hardware and software was developed to demonstrate the feasibility of using IRIDIUM in a flight safety scenario.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / This paper presents a Flight Safety System (FSS) for multiple, reliable Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV’s) capable of flying Over-the-Horizon (OTH) and outside test range airspace. Expanded uses beyond flight safety, such as UAV Air Traffic Control, are considered also. This system satisfies the operational requirement for a Hazard Control Communication Channel as well as providing a reverse communications channel to provide Safety Critical Information to the Range Safety Officer (RSO). Upon examining 60 communications candidates, IRIDIUM accessed through a Data Distribution Network (DDN), with ARINC being a potential service provider, is recommended.