Thirty-two children were assessed for dietary, clinical, biochemical and anthropometric status at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years of age. Development was assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) Index. Using a dietary history and record, dietary iron was estimated and compared to the National Food Consumption Survey (1985) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) 10th edition. Daily iron intake decreased from 13.2 mg at 6 months to 10.3 mg iron at 1 year of age and 7.4 mg iron at 2 years of age. Iron intake and mental development were not related at statistically significant levels at any age. A stepwise multiple regression technique was employed to investigate the extent to which mental and motor development was explained with dietary variables, blood iron parameters and anthropometric measurements. Hematocrit concentration was the only variable which was consistently useful in predicting development at 1 and 2 years of age.

A ?-talassemia, uma hemoglobinopatia, é caracterizada como um distúrbio hereditário monogênico onde a síntese das cadeias globínicas ? está alterada. Devido desiquilíbrio na relação entre as cadeias ? e ? produzidas, observa-se um excesso de cadeias ? livres, determinante da fisiopatologia da doença. As manifestações observadas são eritropoese ineficaz, hemólise extramedular, anemia, expansão medular, esplenomegalia, deformidades ósseas e acúmulo de ferro. Clinicamente classifica-se como ?-talassemia major (BTM) a forma mais grave da doença, devido à ausência de cadeias ? (?0) ou redução acentuada (?+) acarretando em dependência de transfusões sanguíneas periódicas, para sobrevivência. O traço ?-talassêmico (BTT) antes vistos como assintomáticos, também apresentam alterações, inclusive acúmulo de ferro e eritropoese ineficaz, mas não são dependentes de transfusão e tampouco passam por acompanhamento médico. Extremamente heterogênea, apresenta diversos fenótipos e mais de 300 alterações moleculares causadoras de ?-talassemia já foram descritas em todo mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as mutações de ?-talassemia em Ribeirão Preto-SP e procurar associar tais alterações à avaliação hematológica e do status férrico, na tentativa de estabelecer uma relação genótipo-fenótipo. Para tanto, 27 BTM, 23 BTT e 28 controles foram recrutados no Ambulatório de Hemoglobinopatias, do HC/FMRP-USP de Ribeirão Preto. Por meio de PCR-Alelo Específico, pesquisamos as quatro mutações mais comuns no Brasil: CD39 (CAG->TAG), IVS1-110 (G->A), IVS1-6 (T->C) e IVS1-1 (G ->A). A distribuição foi 64% CD39, 26% IVS1-110 e 4% IVS1-6. A análise de covariância e comparação múltiplas, entre os grupos formados e o controle, revelou alterações hematológicas e no status férrico. Os pacientes BTM com a mutação CD39, em sua forma heterozigota ou homozigota, e heterozigotos para a IVS1-110, revelaram anemia grave e intensa sobrecarga de ferro. Os BTT heterozigotos para CD39 demonstraram comprometimento do metabolismo ferro e/ou eritropoese. A adoção de medidas paliativas e de monitoramento aos BTT faz-se necessária, uma vez que, alterações apresentadas associam-se a desordens graves, mas quando não negligenciadas podem ser facilmente prevenidas. A metodologia adotada demonstrou-se eficaz para a pesquisa das mutações estudadas. Embora tenhamos conseguido observar uma relação genótipo-fenótipo, um estudo multicêntrico da população brasileira proporcionará a identificação de mais relações, principalmente nos fenótipos menos prevalentes em nossa região, contribuindo para a compreensão da heterogeneidade da ?-talassemia. / The ?-thalassemia, one haemoglobinopathies, is characterized as a monogenic hereditary disorder where the synthesis of ? globin chains is modified. Due to imbalance in the relationship between production of ? and ? chains, there is an excess of free ? chain that determines the pathophysiology of the disease. Manifestations observed are ineffective erythropoiesis, extra medullary hemolysis, anemia, bone marrow expansion, splenomegaly, bone deformities and iron accumulation. Clinically is classified as ?-thalassemia major (BTM), the most severe form of the disease, as a result of the absence of ? chains (?0) or very large reduction of these (?+) resulting in dependence on regular blood transfusions to survive. The ?-thalassemia trait (BTT) before seen as asymptomatic, also show changes, including iron accumulation and ineffective erythropoiesis, despite of that they aren\'t dependent on transfusion nor undergo medical care. It is extremely heterogeneous, presents several phenotypes and more than 300 molecular changes that causing ?-thalassemia have been described worldwide. The purpose of this study was to identify ?-thalassemia mutations in Ribeirao Preto-Brazil and to explore changes in hematological evaluation and iron status in an attempt to establish a genotype-phenotype relationship. Therefore, a group of 27 BTM, 23 BTT and 28 controls were recruited from the outpatient clinic of hemoglobinopathies, from The Clinical Hospital of Medical School of Ribeirao Preto (HC / FMRP-USP), Brazil. Adopting the technique ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System), we searched for the four most common mutations in Brazil: CD39 (CAG -> TAG), IVS1-110 (G -> A), IVS1-6 (T -> C) and IVS1-1 (G -> A). The distribution was 64% presents CD39 mutation, followed by IVS1-110 e IVS1-6, with 26% and 4% respectively. Covariance Analysis and multiple comparison between the studies groups and control, showed differences in hematological parameters and in iron status either. The BTM heterozygous or homozygous for CD39 mutation and heterozygous for IVS1-110 revealed severe anemia and iron overload. The BTT heterozygous for CD39 showed impairment of iron metabolism and / or erythropoiesis. It is necessary the monitorization of the BTT patients is necessary, since changes presented by them are associated with serious disorders, the adoption of mitigation measures which when are not neglected can be easily prevented. The methodology proved to be effective for the investigation of mutations studied. While we were able to observe a genotype-phenotype relationship, a multicenter study of the Brazilian population will provide the identification of more relations, especially in less prevalent phenotypes in our region, contributing to the understanding of the heterogeneity of ?-thalassemia.

Cadmium (Cd) is a potentially toxic trace element. Cereal grains contribute one-third to one-half of the Cd exposure via the diet. Among cereal grains, wheat generally contains the highest Cd concentration and the bran and germ fractions contain more Cd than the endosperm. An increase in the consumption of unrefined grains may cause an increase in the body burden of Cd if an increase in the exposure to Cd via the diet leads directly to increased Cd absorption and accumulation. However, there is evidence that certain factors may reduce the availability of Cd for absorption from the diet. The purposes of these studies were to refine an atomic absorption spectrometric method for measuring the accumulation of Cd from diets with low, naturally occuring concentrations of Cd, to evaluate the extent to which Cd is accumulated from different milling fractions of wheat and from different cereal grains, and to determine to what extent the presence of certain minerals and mineral-binding factors in the diet and the iron (Fe) status of the individual affect Cd accumulation from cereal grain diets. The results of the method studies showed that the amount of Cd in the liver and kidneys of rats after six weeks on different diets and the retention of 109Cd in these organs three weeks after the ingestion of 109Cd-labelled test meals of the diets were in agreement on the fractional and total accumulation of Cd from the diets. To a first approximation, the accumulation of Cd in the liver and kidneys in rats appears to be the product of the separate effects of the concentration of Cd in the diet which is available for absorption and the Fe status of the rats. The Cd concentration in grains varied by a factor of five between whole wheat and rye and the amounts of Cd accumulated in rats from diets with whole grains were nearly proportional to the Cd concentrations in the grains. The fractional accumulation of Cd was lower in rats given diets with whole grains or wheat fractions high in fiber and phytic acid than in rats fed endosperm wheat diets. This lower fractional Cd accumulation did not compensate for the high Cd concentrations in whole wheat and wheat bran. The fractional accumulation of Cd in the liver of rats is inversely related to their Fe status. The fractional Cd accumulation in the liver of rats with low Fe status was as much as ten times that in rats with high Fe status. The Cd accumulation in the kidneys appears to be even more sensitive to Fe status. The accumulation of Cd in human placenta supports these conclusions. Women who eat diets with less cereal grain fiber and who also maintain their Fe stores during pregnancy generally accumulate less Cd in the placenta than those who eat more grain fiber and/or have lower Fe status. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that as much as possible of the dietary fiber from cereal grains should derive from grains with low Cd concentrations. It is also imperative that the diet provide sufficient Fe and other nutrients to promote Fe status and thereby limit Cd accumulation. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

A ?-talassemia, uma hemoglobinopatia, é caracterizada como um distúrbio hereditário monogênico onde a síntese das cadeias globínicas ? está alterada. Devido desiquilíbrio na relação entre as cadeias ? e ? produzidas, observa-se um excesso de cadeias ? livres, determinante da fisiopatologia da doença. As manifestações observadas são eritropoese ineficaz, hemólise extramedular, anemia, expansão medular, esplenomegalia, deformidades ósseas e acúmulo de ferro. Clinicamente classifica-se como ?-talassemia major (BTM) a forma mais grave da doença, devido à ausência de cadeias ? (?0) ou redução acentuada (?+) acarretando em dependência de transfusões sanguíneas periódicas, para sobrevivência. O traço ?-talassêmico (BTT) antes vistos como assintomáticos, também apresentam alterações, inclusive acúmulo de ferro e eritropoese ineficaz, mas não são dependentes de transfusão e tampouco passam por acompanhamento médico. Extremamente heterogênea, apresenta diversos fenótipos e mais de 300 alterações moleculares causadoras de ?-talassemia já foram descritas em todo mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as mutações de ?-talassemia em Ribeirão Preto-SP e procurar associar tais alterações à avaliação hematológica e do status férrico, na tentativa de estabelecer uma relação genótipo-fenótipo. Para tanto, 27 BTM, 23 BTT e 28 controles foram recrutados no Ambulatório de Hemoglobinopatias, do HC/FMRP-USP de Ribeirão Preto. Por meio de PCR-Alelo Específico, pesquisamos as quatro mutações mais comuns no Brasil: CD39 (CAG->TAG), IVS1-110 (G->A), IVS1-6 (T->C) e IVS1-1 (G ->A). A distribuição foi 64% CD39, 26% IVS1-110 e 4% IVS1-6. A análise de covariância e comparação múltiplas, entre os grupos formados e o controle, revelou alterações hematológicas e no status férrico. Os pacientes BTM com a mutação CD39, em sua forma heterozigota ou homozigota, e heterozigotos para a IVS1-110, revelaram anemia grave e intensa sobrecarga de ferro. Os BTT heterozigotos para CD39 demonstraram comprometimento do metabolismo ferro e/ou eritropoese. A adoção de medidas paliativas e de monitoramento aos BTT faz-se necessária, uma vez que, alterações apresentadas associam-se a desordens graves, mas quando não negligenciadas podem ser facilmente prevenidas. A metodologia adotada demonstrou-se eficaz para a pesquisa das mutações estudadas. Embora tenhamos conseguido observar uma relação genótipo-fenótipo, um estudo multicêntrico da população brasileira proporcionará a identificação de mais relações, principalmente nos fenótipos menos prevalentes em nossa região, contribuindo para a compreensão da heterogeneidade da ?-talassemia. / The ?-thalassemia, one haemoglobinopathies, is characterized as a monogenic hereditary disorder where the synthesis of ? globin chains is modified. Due to imbalance in the relationship between production of ? and ? chains, there is an excess of free ? chain that determines the pathophysiology of the disease. Manifestations observed are ineffective erythropoiesis, extra medullary hemolysis, anemia, bone marrow expansion, splenomegaly, bone deformities and iron accumulation. Clinically is classified as ?-thalassemia major (BTM), the most severe form of the disease, as a result of the absence of ? chains (?0) or very large reduction of these (?+) resulting in dependence on regular blood transfusions to survive. The ?-thalassemia trait (BTT) before seen as asymptomatic, also show changes, including iron accumulation and ineffective erythropoiesis, despite of that they aren\'t dependent on transfusion nor undergo medical care. It is extremely heterogeneous, presents several phenotypes and more than 300 molecular changes that causing ?-thalassemia have been described worldwide. The purpose of this study was to identify ?-thalassemia mutations in Ribeirao Preto-Brazil and to explore changes in hematological evaluation and iron status in an attempt to establish a genotype-phenotype relationship. Therefore, a group of 27 BTM, 23 BTT and 28 controls were recruited from the outpatient clinic of hemoglobinopathies, from The Clinical Hospital of Medical School of Ribeirao Preto (HC / FMRP-USP), Brazil. Adopting the technique ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System), we searched for the four most common mutations in Brazil: CD39 (CAG -> TAG), IVS1-110 (G -> A), IVS1-6 (T -> C) and IVS1-1 (G -> A). The distribution was 64% presents CD39 mutation, followed by IVS1-110 e IVS1-6, with 26% and 4% respectively. Covariance Analysis and multiple comparison between the studies groups and control, showed differences in hematological parameters and in iron status either. The BTM heterozygous or homozygous for CD39 mutation and heterozygous for IVS1-110 revealed severe anemia and iron overload. The BTT heterozygous for CD39 showed impairment of iron metabolism and / or erythropoiesis. It is necessary the monitorization of the BTT patients is necessary, since changes presented by them are associated with serious disorders, the adoption of mitigation measures which when are not neglected can be easily prevented. The methodology proved to be effective for the investigation of mutations studied. While we were able to observe a genotype-phenotype relationship, a multicenter study of the Brazilian population will provide the identification of more relations, especially in less prevalent phenotypes in our region, contributing to the understanding of the heterogeneity of ?-thalassemia.

Introduction: Swedish children are the healthiest in Europe. Through regular visits to well-baby clinics, infants and young children are checked and parents given information and advice on diet and other relevant matters for their child. For a long time, adequate nutrition during infancy and childhood has been focused on encouraging proper nutrition, preventing malnutrition and deficiency states, and obtaining optimal growth. Today, malnutrition and deficiency states in infants and children are rare. But other public health problems have arisen. Nutrition early in life is now thought to influence health and diseases even in adulthood. Thus promotion of a healthy diet in early life is important for preventing public health diseases such as iron deficiency, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and dental caries. Aims: This study investigates health implications of dietary intake in infancy and early childhood. More specific focus was on the associations between dietary fat intake and serum lipid levels in infants, early dietary intake, iron status, dental caries, and Body Mass Index (BMI) at 4 years of age. In addition, hereditary factors and changes over time were evaluated. Methods: Before 6 month of age, 300 healthy infants were recruited from well-baby clinics in Umeå. This thesis is based on secondary analysis of a prospective study in these infants run from 6-18 months and a follow-up of 127 of the children at 4 years. Between 6-18 months and at 4 years, dietary intakes were assessed, anthropometric measures performed, and venous blood samples taken. At 4 years, a dental examination was also performed and anthropometric data and blood samples were collected from parents and included in the study. Results: All but two infants were ever breastfed and at 6 months 73% were still breastfed. The quality of dietary fat was not within national recommendations. At 4 years, intake of vitamin D and selenium were below and intake of sugar and sweet products above the recommendations. In girls, but not boys, higher polyunsaturated fatty acid intake was associated with lower levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels. Iron status of the children was generally good and no child had iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Children’s haemoglobin (Hb) levels tracked from infancy to 4 years and correlated with their mother’s Hb. Fortified infant products and meat were important sources of iron at both 12 months and 4 years. Children with frequent intake of cheese had less caries in this population with low caries prevalence. We found higher protein intake over time to be associated with higher Body Mass Index (BMI) at 4 years and high BMI at 4 years was associated with high BMI at 6 mo. There was also an association between the BMI of the child and that of its parents. Conclusions: BMI of the child and parents (especially the father), and iron status at 6 months were predictors of these variables at 4 years of age. The quality rather than the quantity of dietary fat in infancy affected serum lipid values. Even in a healthy and well-nourished group of Swedish infants and young children, quality of food and intake of nutrients are important for current and later health of the child.

Health Canada recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) until 6 months followed by introducing iron-rich complementary foods (CFs) such as iron-fortified cereal and meat to prevent iron deficiency (ID). There is a concern that consumption of CFs with high iron dose may predispose infants to inflammation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in their intestinal tract. The nutrient intake from these recommended first CFs had not been assessed in terms of meeting the daily requirements. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess if the recommended CFs are safe from a free radical and inflammatory perspective and to assess these CFs in relation to socio-demographic characteristics, feeding patterns, nutrient intake, iron status and growth. Eighty-seven EBF infants were randomly assigned to receive one of the following: iron-fortified cereal (Cer), iron-fortified cereal with fruit (Cer+Fr), meat (M). Urine and stool samples were collected before and after introduction of CFs to assess the following markers: urinary F2-Isoprostanes, fecal ROS, fecal iron and fecal calprotectin. Blood was collected from 18 infants to measure iron parameters. Socio-demographic characteristics and feeding patterns were obtained using questionnaires. Nutrient intake was collected using 3-day dietary records. There are maternal factors that were associated with selected feeding patterns. Nutrient intake was only adequate when provided by both breast milk and CFs. Plasma ferritin decreased over time in all groups (p = 0.04). Infants in M group had lower fecal iron than infants in Cer and Cer+Fr groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.014, respectively). An increase in fecal ROS formation (p < 0.002) after the introduction of CFs was observed. There are maternal socio-demographic factors such as lower parity and lower BMI that need to be targeted in the future to optimize feeding time, type and frequency. Infants with EBF may be at risk of developing ID despite the provision of iron-rich CFs. Untargeted iron fortification may result in untoward effects including ROS generation in the infant’s intestinal tract. In future, if these findings are further confirmed in EBF and formula-fed infants, reconsidering the strategies of iron fortifications to both meet infants’ requirements and minimizing oxidative stress maybe warranted. / October 2015

Motivation: A variety of factors including food shortage, poor hygiene and low education levels affects the nutritional status of black women. Women also have a high risk for the development of iron deficiency because they lose iron through menstruation, the birth process and a low intake of iron containing foods. All of these factors contribute to an increased risk for the development of iron deficiency anaemia in women. Objectives: The primary purpose of the study was to investigate the association between tea consumption and iron status of African females in the North West Province. To reach this purpose the specific aims were to (1) assess the iron status of women, (2) determine tea intake, and (3) determine the relationship between tea consumption and iron status, taking into account inhibiting and enhancing factors of iron absorption. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of apparently healthy females was taken from five different strata of urbanisation. The subjects were then further divided into two groups, namely younger women (younger than 45.9 years) and older women (older than 46 years). A sample of 920 subjects was used. Data were obtained from dietary, demographic and additional questionnaires, as well as from the taking of blood samples. This study was a sub-study of the THUSA study. Results: A total of 920 subjects participated of which 69.24% were younger women and 30.76% were older women. Due to missing data, the number of subjects for each parameter differed. The mean serum ferritin as well as haemoglobin concentrations were within normal ranges for both groups. The mean dietary iron intake for both groups was below recommendations. No significant correlations were found between serum ferritin or haemoglobin and total tea intake as well as a variety of other dietary factors. The low haemoglobin concentration group of the younger and older women combined had a slightly higher intake of animal protein and ascorbic acid than the high haemoglobin concentration group. On the other hand, the high serum ferritin concentration group had a significantly higher intake of animal protein than the low serum ferritin concentration group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that tea does not have an inhibitory effect on the iron status of the female population of the North West Province. However, the investigation of other studies conducted on the same topic had mixed results. Two of seven studies investigated and this study indicated that tea had no inhibitory effect on iron absorption. These two studies, as well as this study were not done in a controlled environment where certain factors can be controlled for, for example, time of tea intake and milk consumption with tea. The other five studies were, however, conducted in an environment where subjects were given test meals, time of tea consumption was regulated and milk consumption with tea was recorded. The conclusion can, therefore, be made that further studies on the South African population in a controlled environment are necessary to give accurate recommendations to the population. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The absorption of iron from the diet is a major determinant of the iron status of an individual. Accurate measures of iron absorption are thus essential in the determination of the effects of diet composition on iron absorption and status. The aim of these studies have firstly been to investigate different methods to measure iron absorption and effects of diet in both rats and humans. Secondly to describe variations in iron status in a general population and to relate the variations to diet. Experimental studies in rats: The most important factors determining the availability of iron from the diet to growing rats appears to be the concentration of iron in the diet and the iron status of the rats. The type of cereal |rain in the diet and the diet phytate and fiber concentrations were of far less importance. The absorption of Fe from test meals, the iron balance over a period of a few days and the blood hemoglobin and serum and liver iron concentrations were in good general agreement on the effects of diet and iron status on the bioavailability of iron from grain diets. The extent of coprophagy in rats is not affected by diet or iron status and did not affect iron absorption appreciably. Effect of dairy products on iron absorption in man: The effect of milk and fermented milk on iron absorption was studied in nine ileostomy subjects. We found no decrease in iron absorption during two three-week periods on a high calcium (milk) diet. The results of the present study differ from those studies in which the absorption of radioiron from test meals was measured, which have shown a pronounced effect of high calcium levels. We believe that these differences in results were caused by differences in experimental design and choice of measurement method. Our results support earlier findings that the iron status of the subject rather than the bioavailability of dietary iron is the major factor determining absorption of dietary non-heme iron. Measurement of iron absorption from single meals and daily diets in humans using radioiron: Ten ileostomy subjects were given the same composite diet for all three meals each day for five consecutive days (meal proportion ratio 1:2:4 for breakfast, lunch and dinner respectively). The iron absorption from a low-fiber diet measured from the morning meals (55Fe) was almost 80% higher than the average iron absorption measured from all meals (59Fe) during the last two days on this diet. The iron absorption from a high fiber diet eaten at breakfast was almost 50% higher than the daily average absorption. This suggests that all meals of the day should be labeled with radioiron and not just the morning meal. Population studies of diet and iron status: In a randomly selected population in Northern Sweden lower iron status was associated with a high intake of dairy products in women (25-44 yr.). The striking result was however that iron status was not related to other major variations in dietary intake, particularly intake of energy and iron. No correlation could be demonstrated between iron status measured as ferritin, serum iron or TIBC and the estimated intakes of calcium, fiber, ascorbic acid, meat, tea or coffee, all of which are known to be factors which influence the bioavailability of iron. On the population level, factors other than diet, e.g. menstruation and metabolic factors, were more important than diet as determinants of iron status. / <p>S. 1-62: sammanfattning, s. 67-157: 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Motivation: A variety of factors including food shortage, poor hygiene and low education levels affects the nutritional status of black women. Women also have a high risk for the development of iron deficiency because they lose iron through menstruation, the birth process and a low intake of iron containing foods. All of these factors contribute to an increased risk for the development of iron deficiency anaemia in women. Objectives: The primary purpose of the study was to investigate the association between tea consumption and iron status of African females in the North West Province. To reach this purpose the specific aims were to (1) assess the iron status of women, (2) determine tea intake, and (3) determine the relationship between tea consumption and iron status, taking into account inhibiting and enhancing factors of iron absorption. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of apparently healthy females was taken from five different strata of urbanisation. The subjects were then further divided into two groups, namely younger women (younger than 45.9 years) and older women (older than 46 years). A sample of 920 subjects was used. Data were obtained from dietary, demographic and additional questionnaires, as well as from the taking of blood samples. This study was a sub-study of the THUSA study. Results: A total of 920 subjects participated of which 69.24% were younger women and 30.76% were older women. Due to missing data, the number of subjects for each parameter differed. The mean serum ferritin as well as haemoglobin concentrations were within normal ranges for both groups. The mean dietary iron intake for both groups was below recommendations. No significant correlations were found between serum ferritin or haemoglobin and total tea intake as well as a variety of other dietary factors. The low haemoglobin concentration group of the younger and older women combined had a slightly higher intake of animal protein and ascorbic acid than the high haemoglobin concentration group. On the other hand, the high serum ferritin concentration group had a significantly higher intake of animal protein than the low serum ferritin concentration group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that tea does not have an inhibitory effect on the iron status of the female population of the North West Province. However, the investigation of other studies conducted on the same topic had mixed results. Two of seven studies investigated and this study indicated that tea had no inhibitory effect on iron absorption. These two studies, as well as this study were not done in a controlled environment where certain factors can be controlled for, for example, time of tea intake and milk consumption with tea. The other five studies were, however, conducted in an environment where subjects were given test meals, time of tea consumption was regulated and milk consumption with tea was recorded. The conclusion can, therefore, be made that further studies on the South African population in a controlled environment are necessary to give accurate recommendations to the population. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

No description available.