Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for obtaining structural information about chemical centres with unpaired electrons. In complex biological systems, EPR spectroscopy can be used to probe these paramagnetic centres and the long-range interactions between them. This thesis investigates two important types of enzymes, and in particular the role of the iron-sulfur electron-transfer centres they contain, with a variety of EPR techniques. Complex I (NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase) plays a key role in the electron transfer chain essential to the formation of ATP, and its malfunction has been related to numerous human diseases. It is a giant enzyme that contains the longest relay of iron-sulfur clusters known. EPR experiments conducted on complex I from bovine mitochondria yield crucial insight into the mechanism of efficient long-range electron transfer and bring us a step closer to understanding the functioning of this important complex. Hydrogenases are produced by micro-organisms and catalyse the reversible oxidation of H2. Most hydrogenases, including Hyd-2 from Escherichia coli, are very air-sensitive, but some, including E. coli Hyd-1 and Salmonella Hyd-5, are able to function in the presence of atmospheric levels of O2. Understanding the origins of this 'O2-tolerance' is of paramount importance if hydrogenases are to be exploited in future energy technologies. In this thesis, native E. coli Hyd-1 and Hyd-2, Salmonella Hyd-5, as well as O2-tolerant and O2-sensitive variants of E. coli Hyd-1 are characterised using EPR. The EPR investigations elucidate properties of the active site and the electron-transfer relay and, in conjunction with other techniques, reveal structural and mechanistic details of how a highly unusual iron-sulfur cluster in the electron-transfer chain enables some hydrogenases to sustain catalytic activity in the presence of O2.

CO2 fixation is a thermodynamically and kinetically challenging process, but nature has its own way of transforming CO2 into diverse organic molecules. Of our particular interest is 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (OFOR) that catalyzes the anaerobic, reversible inter-conversion of 2-oxoacids and CO2, making use of a small electron-transfer protein, ferredoxin (Fd), as the redox partner. This dissertation characterizes OFORs and Fds from organisms that exhibit different metabolic patterns and investigates how the interplay of OFOR and Fd could impact the fate of CO2 metabolism, asking the question What controls the catalytic bias of OFOR for CO2 evolution versus fixation? The study of OFORs and Fds from Desulfovibrio africanus and Hydrogenobacter thermophilus through an electrocatalytic assay reveals that the reduction potential of Fd is possibly associated with the biological function of OFOR and that CO2 fixation requires a low-potential electron donor. The Fd from H. thermophilus (HtFd1) is used as a model to probe the factors that govern iron-sulfur cluster potential. The dependence of OFOR activity on Fd potential is systematically studied with HtFd1 and its molecular variants through the electrocatalytic assay and a coupled enzyme assay. The results suggest there is a Fd “potential optimum” for OFOR-catalyzed CO2 fixation. The study of a 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (OGOR) and three Fds from Magnetococcus marinus MC-1 further highlights other factors such as the intramolecular electron-transfer within Fd and the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions at the protein-protein interface in determining OFOR-Fd interaction. The characterization of an OGOR from M. marinus MC-1 (MmOGOR) also provides kinetic, structural and spectroscopic details for a CO2-fixing OFOR that contains only one iron-sulfur cluster. Overall, this work furthers the scientific understanding of how nature achieves CO2 fixation through supplying reducing equivalents and with enzymes as efficient catalysts, and how intermolecular electron-transfer mediated by protein-protein interaction could regulate enzyme catalysis. / 2019-10-08T00:00:00Z

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De nombreuses protéines possèdent des cofacteurs inorganiques contenant des métaux de transition. Les propriétés physico-chimiques de ces métaux permettent aux enzymes qui les portent de catalyser des réactions impossibles par l'utilisation des seules potentialités chimiques des vingt-deux acides aminés. Cependant, ces métaux sont toxiques pour la cellule lorsqu'ils sont libres. La synthèse et l'incorportion de ces cofacteurs dans les enzymes nécessitent alors des machineries protéiques complexes d'assemblage. Au cours de cette thèse, les mécanismes de synthèse des centres FeS par les machineries ISC (Iron-Sulfur Cluster) et Hyd (Hydrogenase) ont été étudiés. Le système ISC correspond à la machinerie primaire d'assemblage des centres FeS chez les bactéries, et un système équivalent existe chez les eucaryotes au niveau de la mitochondrie. Le système Hyd est la machinerie de maturation de l'hydrogénase à FeFe chez plusieurs eucaryotes inférieurs (algues et protistes) et dans une grande variété de bactéries. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la machinerie ISC d'Archaeoglobus fulgidus dont le coeur est composé de la cystéine désulfurase IscS et de la protéine échafaudage IscU ; IscS apportant le soufre nécessaire à l'assemblage du centre FeS sur IscU. Au cours de cette étude, il est apparu que IscS d'Archaeoglobus fulgidus ne possède pas d'activité cystéine désulfurase, mais qu'elle joue tout de même un rôle fondamental dans la synthèse du centre FeS sur le complexe IscSU en fournissant sa cystéine active en tant que ligand de l'agrégat. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié la protéine à radical S-adénosyl-L-méthionine HydG, responsable de la synthèse des ligands CN- et CO du sous-agrégat à 2 Fe des hydrogénases à FeFe, qui était la seule maturase du système Hyd dont la structure n'était pas connue. Nos résultats structuraux et fonctionnels suggèrent que HydG synthétise successivement le ligand CN- dans un site actif basique, puis le ligand CO sur le cinquième Fe de son agrégat [5Fe-4S] C-terminal. Ce dernier pourrait être stabilisé par un ligand cystéine ou homocystéine. / Many proteins have inorganic cofactors containing transition metals. The physicochemical properties of these metals allow the enzymes, which carry them to catalyze reactions not possible when only using the chemical properties of the twenty-two amino acids. However, these metals are toxic to the cell when they are free. Consequently, the synthesis and incorporation of these cofactors into enzymes requires complex protein assembles. In this thesis, the FeS clusters synthesis mechanisms by the ISC (Iron-Sulfur Cluster) and Hyd (Hydrogenase) machineries were studied. The ISC system corresponds to the primary FeS clusters assembly machinery in bacteria, and a homologous system exists in mitochondria. The Hyd system is FeFe-hydrogenase active site maturation machinery found in several lower eukaryotes (algae and protists) and in a wide variety of bacteria. Initially, we studied the ISC machinery from Archaeoglobus fulgidus whose core is composed of the cysteine desulfurase IscS and the scaffold protein IscU; IscS delivers the sulfur needed for the FeS assembly to IscU. From this study we conclude that IscS from Archaeoglobus fulgidus has no cysteine desulfurase activity, but it still plays a fundamental role in FeS cluster synthesis by IscSU complex by providing a cysteine ligand to the nascent cluster. Secondly, we studied the radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine HydG, responsible for the synthesis of CN- and CO ligand of the active site [FeFe] subcluster, which was the only Hyd system maturase for which the structure was unknown. Our structural and functional results suggest that HydG successively synthesizes the CN- ligand at a basic site, and then the CO ligand at the unique fifth Fe ion of its C-terminal [5Fe-4S] cluster. The latter could be stabilized by either a cysteine or a homocysteine ligand.

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L'étude des membranes biologiques nécessite l'examen des différentes propriétés de ses composantes principales: les lipides et les protéines. Dans ce manuscrit, l'interaction lipide- lipide et lipide-protéine ont été suivies par spectroscopie vibrationnelle (Raman, Infrarouge). Nous sommes intéressés en premier lieu à l'étude de la structure et l'organisation des phospholipides dans leur phase gel et leur phase cristalline liquide en utilisant la spectroscopie moyen infrarouge. En outre, l'effet de la composition du groupement hydrophiles des lipides sur le comportement de la liaison hydrogène des mélanges lipidiques a été sondé en utilisant la spectroscopie lointain infrarouge. Dans la seconde partie, l'interaction de la protéine NADH ubiquinone oxydoréductase et du mutant NuoL (D563N) avec le zinc ont été étudiés par spectroscopie différentielle et les changements conformationnels induits par la liaison du zinc avec les protéines ont été examinés. Enfin, les vibrations métal-ligand des groupements fer-soufre dans le mutant de NuoB (C64A G100C) à différents pH ont été analysées par spectroscopie Raman. / The study of biological membranes involves the examination of the different properties of its main components: as lipids and proteins. In this manuscript, the lipid-lipid interaction and the lipid-protein interaction were monitored by vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and Infrared). We have been interested in the first part in studying the structure and organization of phospholipids in the gel phase and the liquid crystalline phase using mid infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the effect of the head group composition on the hydrogen bonding behaviour of lipid mixtures was probed using far infrared spectroscopy. In the second part, the interaction of the NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase protein and NuoL mutant (D563N) with zinc was investigated through FTIR difference spectroscopy where the conformational changes upon zinc binding were monitored. Finally, the metal-ligand vibrations of the iron- sulfur clusters in NuoB mutants (C64A G100C) at different pH were analysed using Raman spectroscopy.

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