This study uses data from a special tabulation of the USDA Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey to examine the relationship between farm size and adoption of a variety of water management practices across seven Colorado Basin states. Parametric (Cochran-Armitage trend test) and non-parametric (Goodman-Kruskal gamma) methods were used to estimate associations between farm size and adoption of water management practices, use of water management information, and participation in conservation programs. Farms were divided into five categories: small farms, medium farms, large farms and very large farms, based on their gross sales. In all seven states, very large farms relied on a greater number of different information sources for water management than small farms. The relationship between farm size and information source use was not always monotonic, however. Small farms were more likely to rely more on their neighbors and irrigation district staff for water management information. Large and very large farms relied on a more diverse set of information sources and relied more on privately provide sources, such as consultants. In very few cases was a public or private information source used by more than half of any group of farmers. There is no "one-stop shopping" for irrigation management information. Smaller farms were more likely to not have investigated ways to improve water or energy conservation practices in the previous five years. Farmers cited economic factors as the most important largest constraints on adoption of conservation investments. Larger farms were more likely to participate in government (federal, state, or local) other conservation programs. These farms, though, account for the greatest share of water use. Many smaller farms do not have control over the timing of their irrigation applications, but rather depend on irrigation districts to supply water "in turn." Extension messaging to improve irrigation timing may be more effective if they target irrigation district staff that control irrigation scheduling.

12 pp. / Trees are an important component of our landscapes, providing many benefits from shade to cleaning the air. Large, mature trees provide the greatest benefits in urban landscapes compared to smaller, younger trees and it is therefore important to ensure that trees in our urban forests receive the amount of water they need to develop into healthy, mature specimens.

8 pp. / Irrigation water is a major input into production of a forage crop. The purpose of this research is to compare the yield and quality of forage sorghum grown with differing amounts of irrigation water. A linear move sprinkler system was used to apply 11 water application amounts from 23.79 to 35.52 inches over the season. Forage yield peaked at a water application amount of around 32.60 inches according to a quadratic function of yield vs water applied. Increasing irrigation amount decreased forage quality by increasing fiber components. Profit was maximized at 30.20 to 32.60 inches of applied water, which is slightly less than that for maximum yield.

9 pp. / Sorghum has the advantage compared to corn in that it uses less water and fertilizer, but feeding quality of sorghum is usually less than corn. The purpose of this research is to compare the yield and quality of sorghum grown with differing frequency of irrigation water application. Forage sorghum was grown at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center with irrigation intervals of 1, 2, and 3-weeks corresponding to 76, 44, and 37 inches of applied water. Forage yield at 72% moisture was 20.6, 18.8, and 16.5 tons/acre for the 1-, 2-, and 3-week irrigation intervals, respectively. Forage quality in terms of milk per ton of forage was not affected by irrigation interval, but some differences were measured in certain components of feed quality. Forage yield profit was maximized at the 2-week irrigation interval due since the increased water cost of the 1-week interval was not compensated by the yield increase at this irrigation frequency.

Die Eden- en Overbergdistrik in die Suid-Kaap vorm die mees suidelike substreke van die winterreëngebied. Dit is geleë tussen 33° 45‟ en 34° 50‟ suiderbreedte en tussen 19° 0‟ en 23° 45‟ oosterlengte. Die westelike grens van die substreek word gevorm deur die Villiersdorp-Botrivier-gebied. Aan die noordekant word die substreek begrens deur die Sonderend-, Lange- en Outeniquabergreekse. Die oostelike grens word gevorm deur die Bloukransrivier. Die Indiese Oseaankuslyn vanaf Nature‟s Valley in die ooste tot by Kleinmond in die weste vorm die suidelike grens. In die Suidkusstreek word 54.5% van die Wes-Kaapse melkproduksie en 24% van Suid-Afrika se melkproduksie deur 1900 melkprodusente geproduseer (Dowrey 2005). Ses en dertig persent van die bruto jaarlikse veeproduk is afkomstig vanaf suiwelprodukte wat hoofsaaklik vanaf aangeplante weiding geproduseer word. Aangeplante weiding beslaan 37.7% van die totale oppervlakte van die vee- en saaigebiede van die Suidkusstreek (Botha 2003). Weens beperkte, skaars besproeiingswater in groot dele van die Suid-Kaap, word heelwat weiding slegs aanvullend besproei (Protopapas 2004). Voervloeiprogramme vir melkproduksie onder aanvullende besproeiing bestaan hoofsaaklik uit kikoejoe (Pennisetum clandestinum) en lusern (Medicago sativa) (Botha 2003). Die droëmateriaalproduksie en weikapasiteit van lusern volg, soos kikoejoe, „n baie sterk seisoenale tendens met „n piek in die somer / herfs en „n laagtepunt in die winter (Durand 1993; Botha 1998; Botha 2003). Voervloeiprogramme met lusern of kikoejoe as hoofkomponente het gewoonlik voertekorte gedurende die winter tot gevolg. Hoofsaaklik om dié rede het boere uit die lusernproduserende gebiede van Heidelberg, Riversdal, Herbertsdale en Mosselbaai, deur hul onderskeie boereverenigings, „n versoek aan Outeniqua Navorsingsplaas gerig om ondersoek in te stel na moontlike oorsaaipraktyke wat die droëmateriaalproduksie van lusernstelsels gedurende die winter kan verhoog. Kikoejoeweiding word reeds die afgelope aantal jare suksesvol met Westerworldsraaigrasse oorgesaai vir beter herfs-, winter- en lenteproduksie. Anders as by kikoejoeweidings bestaan daar huidiglik geen beproefde oorsaaipraktyke wat die produksiepotensiaal van lusern in die winter en vroeë lente kan verhoog nie (Anoniem 2002).

Important stages in the development of a wind energy operated irrigation system, which is simple in design and easy to maintain, are described from model tests in wind tunnels through to a prototype prepared for field tests. The attention is focussed on gross features of the protoype including the blade geometry and aspect ratio; mast, sleeve and bearing assemblies; braking system and a load matching concept. Described towards the end are the field test arrangements of the prototype and associated instrumentation. Even according to the most conservative estimate, the prototype tests suggest that the windmill should be able to deliver around 3000 liters of water per day (eight hours of wind) to a head of 5 m in a 24 km/h wind. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Orientadores: Bruno Coraucci Filho, Ronaldo Stefanutti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T15:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Veronez_AlexHenrique_M.pdf: 2620595 bytes, checksum: d6d885f2c501fdcaeb697bcdcccbccf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O uso de efluente sanitário tratado na agricultura, como fonte de água e nutrientes, é uma alternativa à eventual necessidade de um pós-tratamento e ao lançamento em corpos d'água. O trabalho experimental foi desenvolvido na UGRHI 08 (Unidade Hidrográfica de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos Sapucaí/Grande), no município de Franca-SP, e teve a finalidade de avaliar a eficiência do sistema soloplanta no pós-tratamento de efluente, por meio da irrigação de cultura de eucalipto, da espécie urograndis, monitorando a qualidade dos lixiviados, nas profundidades de 0,30; 0,60 e 0,90 m, e, o DAP - Diâmetro à Altura do Peito da planta. Foram instaladas parcelas, constituindo 8 tratamentos, com 4 repetições cada. Dos 8 tratamentos, 2 foram irrigados com água, 5 com efluente e 1 não recebeu nenhum tipo de irrigação artificial. Quanto à adubação, 5 tratamentos receberam NPK, B e Zn; sendo 4 deles irrigados com água residuária e 1 com água natural. Os lixiviados coletados na área da pesquisa evidenciaram a presença de nitrato na maioria dos tratamentos irrigados com efluente e uma elevada eficiência na remoção de DBO e DQO. Em relação à planta, o tratamento estatístico mostrou que o desenvolvimento do DAP foi maior nos tratamentos irrigados com efluente quando comparados aos demais tratamentos. Os resultados comprovam que o pós-tratamento de efluente na cultura de eucalipto é efetivo quanto aos aspectos sanitários e agronômicos. / Abstract: The use of treated sanitary effluent in Agriculture as water resource and nutrients is an alternative to the eventual necessity of a post treatment as also as to the launching in water bodies. The experiment was developed at UGRHI 08 (Hydrographic Unity of Hydric Resources in Sapucaí/Grande) in the city of Franca-SP. It aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the plant - ground system at the effluent post treatment, through the process of irrigation of the eucalyptus cultivation, which species is urograndis, monitoring the leachate quality, in the deeps of 0,30; 0,60 e 0,90m, and the DAP (Diameter at the High of the Plant Chest). Parcels were installed, forming 8 treatments, with 4 repetitions each one. From the 8 treatments, 2 were irrigated with water, 5 with effluents and 1 didn't receive any kind of artificial irrigation. Referring to the seasoning 5 treatments received NPK, B and Zn; 4 of them were irrigated with wastewater and 1 with natural water. The leachated collected in the research area showed the presence of nitrate in the most of the treatments irrigated with effluent and a high efficiency in the BOD and COD removing. In relation to the plant, the statistic treatment, showed that the DAP development was bigger in the treatments irrigated with effluents than in the other ones. The results so far prove that the post treatment of effluent in the eucalyptus cultivation is effective concerning the sanitary and agronomic aspects. / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

This paper reports the findings of conceptual design and application research for a novel use of irrigation fluid power to provide mobility to a legged autonomous, tethered irrigation robot. Systems already exist to convert fluid power to rotary motion to power various irrigation systems. The conceptual designs implement a McKibben actuator to generate linear motion with water as the process fluid and a compact 3DOF spherical joint to create a modular robot leg that can be used to create a legged ambulatory robot. A six-legged robot is proposed from the conceptual design of the modular leg. Irrigation was selected as the initial leading application, however, once deployed the devices provide a field-ready platform to facilitate a whole suite of agriculturally important activities; seeding, weed suppression, pest management, soil sensing, crop growth assessment, as well as creating a robust research platform. This work is the lead in research to provide a viable mechanism to facilitate control system and dynamic modelling ahead of full-scale prototyping and field testing. / Graduate / 2021-04-08

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