The Okanagan Valley is an important agricultural area in south-central British Columbia. Due to the low annual precipitation and a high rate of evapotranspiration, irrigation is necessary for the production of most crops. Since water shortage problems in the valley are likely to arise in the future, since irrigation accounts for over 90% of the consumptive use of water in the valley, and since data on the actual irrigation operation is sparse, a detailed study was made of one district. Vernon Irrigation District, the largest district in the Okanagan Basin, was selected for detailed study. Its distribution system has recently been modernized. The history of the development of the district is outlined and the old system and the way in which it operated are described. The reasons for selection of the new system, the criteria used in its design, and the way in which the new system now operates are described. Particular attention is paid to scheduling—the timing of the application of water to the crops—since this offers one of the best opportunities for the conservation of water in the future. Minor conflicts with other users of the water resource are identified and suggestions given for minimizing such conflicts. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 S635 / Master of Science

Thesis (Ph. D. - Hydrology and Water Resources)--University of Arizona, 1970. / Includes bibliographical references.

The Modesto Irrigation District is located on the eastern side of the Great Valley about half way from North to South. The Great Valley is really two distinct river valleys further divided by lesser stream valleys. The Sacramento River Valley is about 500 miles long and forms the northern half; and the San Joaquin Valley is about 350 miles long and forms the southern half. For many practical purposes local residents of this great Valley call it the Sac-Joaquin Valley. There are no hills or mountains to separate these valleys so we may consider them as one. The Sac-Joaquin Valley is almost ideal as far as irrigation is concerned. It is almost as flat as a table, dropping about 2-3 feet per mile toward the middle of the valley from the beginning of the valley proper westward to the Sacramento or San Joaquin River. The summers are long, hot, and cloudless; ideally suited to the ripening of tropic fruits.4 All the valley lacked was sufficient water. And the mountains now furnish that. We shall consider the Modesto area as being the area north of the Tuolumne River to the Stanislaus River and from the San Joaquin River on the west to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. By the early settlers this area was called Paradise Valley.2 A town of Paradise existed for a few years, having been laid out by a Mr. Jon Mitchell about 1867-683 It gave up and moved a few miles east into the new town of Modesto soon after the latter was started in 1870.4<68/sup> The Modesto Irrigation District now inclueds about 81,000 acres in the weatern part of this Paradise Valley.2 The land is almost flat, consisting of soils that are, as a whole, "light, the largest part of the area consisting of sandy loams and sands".3 The soil ideal for diversified agriculture, and it has now been proven that the soil types of Modesto District are best adapted to the applicaton of irrigation.4

The purpose of this research is to quantify how macro-scale factors such as weather, crop prices, and land conversion affect agricultural water use at the irrigation district level in central Arizona and to understand what constraints and considerations district managers face when making water-sourcing decisions. A conceptual model is developed and econometrically estimated finding that much of the annual variation in total water use for agriculture can be explained by differences in precipitation, cotton prices, and alfalfa prices. Further, results from empirical analysis support the notion that total water use for agriculture has been greatly affected by land conversion from agriculture to other uses. Irrigation district manager interviews indicate that the water sourcing process is very similar across districts in central Arizona and has varied little since 1995, due to common constraints. This research lays an important foundation for future models designed to forecast agricultural water use in central Arizona.

The Tragowel Plains Irrigation District lies in the lower Loddon catchment of northern Victoria. Since the 1890s progressive development of the irrigation infrastructure of the Tragowel Plains has been accompanied by the development of irrigation induced soil salinity. In 1988 the State Government of Victoria supported the development of a community managed salinity management plan. At the same time, the water supply industry was significantly deregulated. Full cost recovery principles were applied to irrigation water pricing. Water entitlements were transformed into tradable commodities.The Tragowel Plains Salinity Plan was subsequently promoted by the Victorian government and the Loddon irrigation community as a model for encouraging structural change in a Commonwealth government facilitated regional development plan for the whole of the Loddon-Murray irrigation region. The process of developing this regional development plan revealed difference in the objectives of the various actors in this new planning process. The objective of community planners was the survival of the irrigation district. One of the objectives of Commonwealth was the transfer of water from low value use to high value use. These higher value uses were potentially elsewhere in the Murray Darling Basin. Further, these actors in the planning process used differing implicit models of the process of structural change in irrigation areas. The Commonwealth representatives had an implicit model of structural change in which farm consolidation was driven by the rate of exit from farming. They were also sceptical of the capacity of the Tragowel Plains salinity plan model to facilitate significant change in water use.

ROCHA,Mayara Melo. Das águas que calam às águas que falam: opressão e resistência no curso das representações da água na chapada do Apodi. 2013. 230 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará,Pro-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação,Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-03-30T15:12:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_mmrocha.pdf: 12572728 bytes, checksum: 404ead4a4e38aaf16438ccf520d3206f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes(nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-03-30T15:14:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_mmrocha.pdf: 12572728 bytes, checksum: 404ead4a4e38aaf16438ccf520d3206f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-30T15:14:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_mmrocha.pdf: 12572728 bytes, checksum: 404ead4a4e38aaf16438ccf520d3206f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / In this study we analyzed the social representations of water in Tomé, a community in Chapada do Apodi (Northeastern Brazil), and their relation to the socioenvironmental conflicts resulting from the establishment of the Jaguaribe-Apodi irrigation district. Centered on the community in Tomé, we evaluated changes in the use of and access to water in order to identify the relation between, on one side, the processes of private appropriation of water resources and contamination by agrochemicals associated with the adoption of agro-export models, and, on the other side, changes in the local populationʼs perceptions and web of significance of water. The approach was qualitative, based on deep hermeneutics, and comprised an array of techniques, such as open interviews, inclusion of members of the community in research groups, ethnographic field work with participant observation, and field logs. The collected data were interpreted by way of discourse analysis. Agricultural modernization was found to have disrupted the local populationʼs perceptions and web of significance of water, leading to changes in collective water use practices. Processes were identified which tend towards loss of the perception of water as a collective good and the individualization of strategies of defense and protection against risks. These changes have taken hold through mechanisms of symbolic violence perpetrated by power agents against local populations silenced out of fear of discussing issues like contamination and private appropriation of water resources. A symbolic reconstruction of the web of significance of water in light of rights and access to common goods is necessary in order to reinforce local resistance. / A pesquisa analisa as representações sociais da água na comunidade do Tomé, Chapada do Apodi (CE), e suas relações com os conflitos socioambientais ocasionados pela implantação do Perímetro Irrigado Jaguaribe-Apodi. Tomando como foco a comunidade do Tomé reconstruíram-se as modificações ocorridas nas formas de uso e acesso à água com o objetivo de identificar a relação entre os processos de apropriação desigual e contaminação por agrotóxicos – decorrentes da implantação do modelo agroexportador na região –, e as interferências no modo de significação e representação da água pelas populações locais. Utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa baseada na proposta metodológica da Hermenêutica de Profundidade abrangendo diferentes técnicas de pesquisa como as entrevistas abertas, a formação de um grupo de pesquisa ampliado com membros da comunidade, a realização de trabalho de campo de base etnográfica fazendo uso da observação participante e do diário de campo. O processo analítico-interpretativo do material coletado se deu através da abordagem proposta pela Análise do Discurso. A pesquisa resultou na identificação do processo de modernização agrícola como promotor de rupturas na teia significativa da água modificando suas representações e, consequentemente, alterando as práticas coletivas de uso. Revelam-se processos que caminham para o rompimento da representação da água enquanto bem coletivo à medida que as estratégias de defesa e proteção contra os riscos se individualizam. Essa reconfiguração é ocasionada por mecanismos de violência simbólica, exercidos por agentes do poder contra as populações locais, uma vez que o medo de tratar das questões relativas à contaminação e a apropriação privada da água tem provocado o silenciamento da comunidade sobre o tema. Aponta-se para a necessidade de processos de reconstrução simbólica sobre a água, que retomem a perspectiva do direito e do acesso aos bens comuns, para que as ações de resistência sejam fortalecidas.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / In this study we analyzed the social representations of water in TomÃ, a community in Chapada do Apodi (Northeastern Brazil), and their relation to the socioenvironmental conflicts resulting from the establishment of the Jaguaribe-Apodi irrigation district. Centered on the community in TomÃ, we evaluated changes in the use of and access to water in order to identify the relation between, on one side, the processes of private appropriation of water resources and contamination by agrochemicals associated with the adoption of agro-export models, and, on the other side, changes in the local population&#700;s perceptions and web of significance of water. The approach was qualitative, based on deep hermeneutics, and comprised an array of techniques, such as open interviews, inclusion of members of the community in research groups, ethnographic field work with participant observation, and field logs. The collected data were interpreted by way of discourse analysis. Agricultural modernization was found to have disrupted the local population&#700;s perceptions and web of significance of water, leading to changes in collective water use practices. Processes were identified which tend towards loss of the perception of water as a collective good and the individualization of strategies of defense and protection against risks. These changes have taken hold through mechanisms of symbolic violence perpetrated by power agents against local populations silenced out of fear of discussing issues like contamination and private appropriation of water resources. A symbolic reconstruction of the web of significance of water in light of rights and access to common goods is necessary in order to reinforce local resistance. / A pesquisa analisa as representaÃÃes sociais da Ãgua na comunidade do TomÃ, Chapada do Apodi (CE), e suas relaÃÃes com os conflitos socioambientais ocasionados pela implantaÃÃo do PerÃmetro Irrigado Jaguaribe-Apodi. Tomando como foco a comunidade do Tomà reconstruÃram-se as modificaÃÃes ocorridas nas formas de uso e acesso à Ãgua com o objetivo de identificar a relaÃÃo entre os processos de apropriaÃÃo desigual e contaminaÃÃo por agrotÃxicos â decorrentes da implantaÃÃo do modelo agroexportador na regiÃo â, e as interferÃncias no modo de significaÃÃo e representaÃÃo da Ãgua pelas populaÃÃes locais. Utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa baseada na proposta metodolÃgica da HermenÃutica de Profundidade abrangendo diferentes tÃcnicas de pesquisa como as entrevistas abertas, a formaÃÃo de um grupo de pesquisa ampliado com membros da comunidade, a realizaÃÃo de trabalho de campo de base etnogrÃfica fazendo uso da observaÃÃo participante e do diÃrio de campo. O processo analÃtico-interpretativo do material coletado se deu atravÃs da abordagem proposta pela AnÃlise do Discurso. A pesquisa resultou na identificaÃÃo do processo de modernizaÃÃo agrÃcola como promotor de rupturas na teia significativa da Ãgua modificando suas representaÃÃes e, consequentemente, alterando as prÃticas coletivas de uso. Revelam-se processos que caminham para o rompimento da representaÃÃo da Ãgua enquanto bem coletivo à medida que as estratÃgias de defesa e proteÃÃo contra os riscos se individualizam. Essa reconfiguraÃÃo à ocasionada por mecanismos de violÃncia simbÃlica, exercidos por agentes do poder contra as populaÃÃes locais, uma vez que o medo de tratar das questÃes relativas à contaminaÃÃo e a apropriaÃÃo privada da Ãgua tem provocado o silenciamento da comunidade sobre o tema. Aponta-se para a necessidade de processos de reconstruÃÃo simbÃlica sobre a Ãgua, que retomem a perspectiva do direito e do acesso aos bens comuns, para que as aÃÃes de resistÃncia sejam fortalecidas.

This study argues that Stakeholder Theory (Mitchell, Agle, & Wood, 1997) can be applied from the stakeholder‘s perspective in order to understand how stakeholders perceive their claims in an organization and consequently decide how to influence an organization. Using this audience-centric perspective, organizations can influence the stakeholder‘s claims and ultimately how the stakeholder will support the organization. These arguments are supported based on the case of farmers who voted in the 2007 water transfer agreement between the Municipality of Rocky View and the Western Irrigation District (WID). Personal interviews, employing Narrative Research, were conducted to document the participant‘s interpretations. The interview transcripts were analyzed in order to test and expand Stakeholder Theory as well as determine how marketers can use this perspective to successfully target different groups of stakeholders. This understanding contributes to potential management effectiveness because it explains how managers can deal with multiple stakeholder interests. / vii, 82 leaves ; 29 cm