The eighth/fourteenth and ninth/fifteenth centuries in Iran are surveyed in order to see reactions to the lack of social and political cohesion in that period. Despite a dearth of writings of political analysis or administrative advice, it is apparent that men are deeply concerned to build a more just and a more charitable society. Both the rulers and the ruled must make their contribution. A satirical poet, 'Ubayd-i Zakani is observed denouncing moral decline. A Sunnï, Süfï leader, 'Alï-i Hamadanï, is seen giving a traditional legal prescription for communal morality. Shï'ï, Süfï leaders and others are seen to offer a more individualist solution. Finally a more philosophical attempt is made by Amïr Islam al-Ghazalï (a hitherto unstudied writer) and by Dawanï to understand the relationships between the individual and the community, the rulers and the ruled, the responsibilities of this world and the expectations of the next.

This study is an attempt to re-examine prevailing views concerning the question of political power during the first three and a half decades of the fourth/tenth century 'Abbasid caliphate. Specifically, it focuses upon the relationship between the caliph and the amir al-umara'. In order to examine the conditions in which power was exercised a survey of the socio-economic conditions of Iraq in the latter half of the third/ninth century is made. These conditions are then traced through the reigns of the caliphs al-Muqtadir, al-Qahir, al-Radi and al-Muttaqi and related to the problem of power confronted by the caliphs, their wazirs but particularly the amirs during the period of the pre-Buyid amirate (324 AH to 334 AH). / Cette étude est un essai ayant pour but d'examiner les points de vues qui ont prévalu en ce qui concerne la question du pouvoir politique durant les trois premieres décades du 4e/lOe siècle du Califat Abbaside. Elle est précisément centrée sur les relations entre le calife et l'amir al-umara. Afin' d'examiner les conditions dans lesquelles le pouvoir a été exercé il se fait mention des conditions socio-économiques de l'Irak dans la 2e motié du 3e/9e siècle. Ces conditions ont été suivies à travers les règnes des califs al-Muqtadir, al-Qahir, 'al-Radi, et al-Muttaqi et reliées au probleme du pouvoir avec lequel étaient confrontés les califes, leurs wazirs mais particulierement les emirs durant la periode de l'émirat pré-Buyide (324-334 A.H.)

<p> Several sources date the first use of the term <i>islamophobie</i>, the original French version of 'Islamophobia' back to the early 20^th century, when scholars &Eacute;tienne Dinet and Sliman Ben Ibrahim used it in their book <i>The Orient Seen From the Occident</i>. </p><p> Born in 1861, &Eacute;tienne Nasreddine Dinet was a French painter who spent many years in Algeria and later converted to Islam. Dinet believed that, amity between Europe and Islam would guarantee peace in the world and committed great efforts to this cause. Shortly before his death in 1929, Dinet completed the ?ajj, the Muslim pilgrimage, and counted his observations on the Muslim faith and Europe&rsquo;s hostility towards the religion in a travelogue, <i> The Pilgrimage to the Sacred House of Allah</i>. Dinet's book presented one of the first detailed depictions of the phenomenon of Islamophobia in history. </p><p> Dinet's definition of Islamophobia is often dismissed from contemporary academic literature on the subject. This research project, however, argues that the painter's representation of Islamophobia presents many common themes with modern uses of the word. </p><p> This thesis first positions Dinet's ?ajj travelogue in relation with other European travelogues of the era. Then, Dinet's definition of Islamophobia and his depiction of European hostility towards Islam in his work <i> The Pilgrimage to the Sacred House of Allah</i> are examined. Finally, Dinet's representation of Islamophobia is compared with modern uses of the term and contemporary understandings of the phenomenon.</p><p>

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.