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Nearly 550 samples of fine grained carbonates, collected every 0.5 to 1.0 m from the Bloom Member of the Snaky Canyon Formation at Gallagher Peak, Idaho, were analyzed to determine the high-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy. To constrain for diagenesis, thin sections were petrographically analyzed and viewed using cathodoluminescence microscopy. Chemical analyses were performed using an electron microprobe. Average delta18O and delta13C values from the Bloom Member are -4.5% +/- 1.6% (1 sigma) and 2.1% +/- 1.1%, respectively. Maximum delta13C values are about 1% higher for the Desmoinesian and Missourian than the Morrowan and Atokan, similar to results from the Yukon Territory. delta18O and delta13C values are lowest for crystalline mosaic limestones and siltstones, moderate for packstones, wackestones, and mudstones, and highest for boundstones and grainstones. The delta13C profile from Gallagher Peak consists of high frequency 1% oscillations with several larger excursions. No large delta13C increase at the base of the section suggests the Mid-Carboniferous boundary is in the underlying Bluebird Mountain formation. delta13C of Gallagher Peak and Arrow Canyon, NV, correlate well from 318 to 310 Ma, but correlation becomes more difficult around 310 Ma. This may result from increased restriction of the Snaky Canyon platform beginning in the Desmoinesian. Most of the short term (<1 Ma) isotopic excursions are the result of diagenesis. Two of the largest negative excursions at Gallagher Peak correlate with two large negative excursions at Big Hatchet Peak, NM, possibly due to sea level lowstands of the Desmoinesian. Phylloid algal mounds at Gallagher Peak are associated with positive excursions because of original aragonite composition and increased open marine influence. Positive excursions related to other facies characteristics also result from increased marine influence. The delta13C curve for the upper half of Gallagher Peak contains three repeated cycles of increasing delta13C over 1-1.5 Ma, which are possibly related to long-term sea level fluctuations. Given the complexity of each local environment, without detailed biostratigraphy, detailed rock descriptions, and analysis of the various rock components, delta13C stratigraphy of whole rocks can be misinterpreted.

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Terrestrial carbon-isotope stratigraphy has proven a promising tool for stratigraphic correlation between the different exchangeable carbon-isotope reservoirs, as well as a powerful approach to reconstructing the evolution of δ13C of atmospheric CO2, which is closely associated with the evolution of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate. However, the limited understanding of pitfalls in specific application potentially restricts the method’s utility for stratigraphic correlation and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. This thesis takes advantage of three case studies at two vital geological intervals which are both characterized by the significant carbon-isotope perturbation in the exchangeable reservoirs, to explore the nature of terrestrial carbon-isotope stratigraphy. Two of the case studies focus on the late Early to Middle Miocene, the period of the so called Monterey Event that is marked by remarkable positive carbon-isotope excursions in benthic and pelagic marine carbonate records. There are few terrestrial carbon-isotope records for the Monterey Event. In the present study, shallow marine sediments were collected from boreholes in the New Jersey margin, USA (IODP, Expedition 313) and North Sea Basin, Denmark. Phytoclasts are concentrated from palynological residues as the basis for a terrestrial carbon-isotope stratigraphy from the two locations. The carbon-isotope curves obtained can be correlated in detail locally, and correlated crudely on a global scale. However, there are no definite positive carbon-isotope excursions observed in the terrestrial isotopic stratigraphic records through the biostratigraphically determined Langhian interval equivalent to the Monterey Event. The reasons for the absence of relatively positive carbon-isotope excursions in terrestrial carbon-isotope stratigraphy might be caused by the reworking deposits of woody phytoclasts from older strata or some other process related to reworking. Another case study centres on the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and Early Jurassic fluvial and lacustrine succession in the Kuqa section, Tarim Basin, NW China. Macrofossil wood samples were collected to generate the terrestrial carbon-isotope stratigraphy. On the basis of the biostratigraphy and potential Stage/Age (sub-) boundaries implied by biological overturns, the terrestrial carbon-isotope stratigraphy in the Kuqa section can be well correlated with both terrestrial and marine carbon-isotope stratigraphic records from UK through the Early Jurassic. For the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, more precise correlation was made globally and an exact the position of Triassic-Jurassic boundary is proposed in the Kuqa section. In light of the biostratigraphy and the carbon-isotope stratigraphy obtained in the present study, an updated age assignment of the lithostratigraphic units is proposed to Age/Stage level in the Early Jurassic across the Northern Tarim Basin. The carbon-isotope stratigraphy thus significantly improves the terrestrial stratigraphic resolution. Terrestrial carbon-isotope stratigraphy is a powerful tool for global stratigraphic correlation and unifies stratigraphic correlation over marine and non-marine strata in cases when potential biasing factors are excluded.

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Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-02T22:29:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 15.pdf: 39663757 bytes, checksum: 35a8b1465596e46a11f9214e5848bf7c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-02T22:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 15.pdf: 39663757 bytes, checksum: 35a8b1465596e46a11f9214e5848bf7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / O zoneamento climático estabelecido a partir de foraminíferos planctônicos para dois testemunhos coletados no talude da bacia de Santos demonstrou o registro das oscilações climáticas dos últimos ~620 ka. Foram reconhecidas sete zonas e 14 subzonas, representadas por intervalos glaciais (zonas U, W e Y; subzonas U2, U1, W2, W1, Y2, Y1B e Y1A) e interglaciais (zonas T, V e X; subzonas V3, V2B, V2A, V1, X3 a X1) do Pleistoceno e o Holoceno (Zona Z). O plexo Pulleniatina permitiu a divisão da subzona V2 em duas (V2B e V2A) e forneceu ao longo das subzonas V3 e V2 oito horizontes para a correlação regional. O controle do sentido de enrolamento de Globorotalia truncatulinoides auxiliou o reconhecimento dos limites entre as subzonas U2/U1, V2B/V2A, X3/X2 e X2/X1, demonstrando ser uma ferramenta útil para o refinamento das zona/subzonas do Quaternário. A permanente presença de Globorotalia inflata sugere uma constante influência de águas frias e produtivas ao longo dos últimos ~620 ka, em especial na região sul da área de estudo. / QUATERNARY PALEOCLIMATIC ZONATION OF SANTOS BASIN BASED ON PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA. The climatic zones based on planktonic foraminifera, from two piston cores collected on the slope of the Santos Basin, has shown the record of climate oscillations over the last ~ 620 ka. Were recognized seven zones and 14 subzones, represented by glacial (zones U, W and Y; subzones U2, U1, W2, W1, Y2, Y1B, Y1A) and interglacial interval (zones T, V and X; subzones V3, V2B, V2A, V1, X1 to X3) of Pleistocene and the Holocene (zone Z). The Pulleniatina plexus permitted the division of subzone V2 into two (V2B and V2A) and provides eight regional correlation horizon along the subzones V3 and V2. The coiling direction of Globorotalia truncatulinoides helped the recognition of boundaries between subzones U2/U1, V2B/V2A, X3/X2 and X2/X1, showing as useful tool for the refinement of the zones and subzones of the Quaternary. The permanent presence of Globorotalia inflata suggests a constant influence of cold and productive waters over the past ~ 620 ka, especially in the southern of the study area.