<p>This research investigated the nature, source and the spatial variation of the salinity of the water used for irrigation in the urban farming area of Philippi, which lies in the Cape Flats region of the Cape Town Metropolitan Area, South Africa. The irrigation water is mainly drawn from the Cape Flats aquifer, and pumped into ponds for eventual crop irrigation. Water samples were collected in summer and in winter from fifteen selected sites using standard water sampling procedures. Each site consisted of one borehole and one pond. The samples were routinely analyzed for salinity levels, and concentrations of major and minor ions. From the same boreholes and ponds, water was sampled in summer for isotope analysis to assess effects of evaporation on the water quality and salinity. Descriptive statistics were used to display the variation in range of specific ions in order to compare them with the recommended ranges. Geographical Information Systems analysis described the spatial distribution of the salinity across the study area, and hydrogeochemical analysis characterized the various waters and detected similarities between the water samples in the study area and other waters found in the Cape Flats region. In addition, the US salinity diagram classification of irrigation water developed by Richards (1954) was used to assess the current suitability of groundwater and pond water samples collected during the entire sampling period for irrigation activities. The research indicated that the concentrations of some ions such as chloride, nitrate, potassium and sodium exceeded in places in the study area, the target range values set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (Ayers and Westcot, 1985). It revealed that borehole and pond water were mostly brackish across the area regarding their total dissolved salts content, and fresh water was only found in the middle part of the study area. The research found that sea water does not intrude into the aquifer of the study area, and the accumulation of salts in groundwater and soil in the study area is mainly due to the agricultural activities and partially due to the natural movement of water through the geological formation of the Cape Flats region. The conceptual model of the occurrence of the salinization process supported these findings. From this investigation it is understood that the groundwater and pond water in the study area were generally suitable for irrigation purposes but they have to be used with caution as the vegetables are classified as sensitive and moderately sensitive to salt according to DWAF Irrigation water guidelines (1996). The quality of these waters was mainly affected by the land use activities.</p>

<p>This research investigated the nature, source and the spatial variation of the salinity of the water used for irrigation in the urban farming area of Philippi, which lies in the Cape Flats region of the Cape Town Metropolitan Area, South Africa. The irrigation water is mainly drawn from the Cape Flats aquifer, and pumped into ponds for eventual crop irrigation. Water samples were collected in summer and in winter from fifteen selected sites using standard water sampling procedures. Each site consisted of one borehole and one pond. The samples were routinely analyzed for salinity levels, and concentrations of major and minor ions. From the same boreholes and ponds, water was sampled in summer for isotope analysis to assess effects of evaporation on the water quality and salinity. Descriptive statistics were used to display the variation in range of specific ions in order to compare them with the recommended ranges. Geographical Information Systems analysis described the spatial distribution of the salinity across the study area, and hydrogeochemical analysis characterized the various waters and detected similarities between the water samples in the study area and other waters found in the Cape Flats region. In addition, the US salinity diagram classification of irrigation water developed by Richards (1954) was used to assess the current suitability of groundwater and pond water samples collected during the entire sampling period for irrigation activities. The research indicated that the concentrations of some ions such as chloride, nitrate, potassium and sodium exceeded in places in the study area, the target range values set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (Ayers and Westcot, 1985). It revealed that borehole and pond water were mostly brackish across the area regarding their total dissolved salts content, and fresh water was only found in the middle part of the study area. The research found that sea water does not intrude into the aquifer of the study area, and the accumulation of salts in groundwater and soil in the study area is mainly due to the agricultural activities and partially due to the natural movement of water through the geological formation of the Cape Flats region. The conceptual model of the occurrence of the salinization process supported these findings. From this investigation it is understood that the groundwater and pond water in the study area were generally suitable for irrigation purposes but they have to be used with caution as the vegetables are classified as sensitive and moderately sensitive to salt according to DWAF Irrigation water guidelines (1996). The quality of these waters was mainly affected by the land use activities.</p>

Magister Scientiae - MSc / This research investigated the nature, source and the spatial variation of the salinity of the water used for irrigation in the urban farming area of Philippi, which lies in the Cape Flats region of the Cape Town Metropolitan Area, South Africa. The irrigation water is mainly drawn from the Cape Flats aquifer, and pumped into ponds for eventual crop irrigation. Water samples were collected in summer and in winter from fifteen selected sites using standard water sampling procedures. Each site consisted of one borehole and one pond. The samples were routinely analyzed for salinity levels, and concentrations of major and minor ions. From the same boreholes and ponds, water was sampled in summer for isotope analysis to assess effects of evaporation on the water quality and salinity. Descriptive statistics were used to display the variation in range of specific ions in order to compare them with the recommended ranges. Geographical Information Systems analysis described the spatial distribution of the salinity across the study area, and hydrogeochemical analysis characterized the various waters and detected similarities between the water samples in the study area and other waters found in the Cape Flats region. In addition, the US salinity diagram classification of irrigation water developed by Richards (1954) was used to assess the current suitability of groundwater and pond water samples collected during the entire sampling period for irrigation activities. The research indicated that the concentrations of some ions such as chloride, nitrate, potassium and sodium exceeded in places in the study area, the target range values set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (Ayers and Westcot, 1985). It revealed that borehole and pond water were mostly brackish across the area regarding their total dissolved salts content, and fresh water was only found in the middle part of the study area. The research found that sea water does not intrude into the aquifer of the study area, and the accumulation of salts in groundwater and soil in the study area is mainly due to the agricultural activities and partially due to the natural movement of water through the geological formation of the Cape Flats region. The conceptual model of the occurrence of the salinization process supported these findings. From this investigation it is understood that the groundwater and pond water in the study area were generally suitable for irrigation purposes but they have to be used with caution as the vegetables are classified as sensitive and moderately sensitive to salt according to DWAF Irrigation water guidelines (1996). The quality of these waters was mainly affected by the land use activities. / South Africa

Ce travail a pour but d’étudier la dynamique des éléments traces (ETs) dans la colonne d’eau d’une rivière anthropisée : l’Orge. La partie amont du bassin versant draine en majorité des terrains boisés et des terres agricoles, et vers l’aval, des zones urbanisées de plus en plus denses jusqu’à son exutoire dans la Seine, au sud de Paris. Quatre campagnes de prélèvements ont été effectuées le long de l’Orge suivant une année hydrologique (2010/2011). Le suivi spatio-temporel des concentrations dans la phase dissoute (< 0,45 µm) et dans les matières en suspension (MES) a été associé à des outils de traçage isotopique (δ34S [SO42-], 206Pb/207Pb) pour comprendre la dynamique de la partition des ETs ainsi que pour caractériser leurs sources en rivière sous pression urbaine. Une caractérisation fine de la spéciation solide du zinc, contaminant inorganique majeur en rivière dans ce bassin versant a été effectuée en couplant diffraction des rayons X, microscopie électronique à balayage et à transmission associée à la microanalyse, et spectroscopie d’absorption des rayons X sous rayonnement synchrotron. Les résultats géochimiques caractérisent les rejets de ruissellement et les rejets liés à l’assainissement comme des sources majeures d’ETs en rivière. Les résultats des analyses isotopiques ont permis de créer un indicateur de la pression anthropique en rivière, traçant à la fois les compartiments dissous et particulaire, tout en tenant compte des paramètres physico-chimiques des eaux et de l’hydrodynamisme. L’analyse de la spéciation solide du zinc dans les MES a permis d’identifier les phases porteuses principales de cet élément comme étant les oxyhydroxydes de fer et manganèse à composante phosphatée, la calcite, les phases argileuses et la silice amorphe. La microscopie confirme l’existence de ces phases ainsi que l’existence de phases porteuses accessoires dans la colonne d’eau oxygénée, notamment des sulfures. Plus généralement, l’ensemble de ces investigations a permis de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des cycles biogéochimiques des ETs en rivière urbanisée, et offre de nouvelles perspectives de recherche encore largement sous exploitées grâce à l’analyse conjointe de la spéciation et de l’isotopie des métaux. / The aim of this work is to study the dynamics of trace elements (TE) in the water column of the Orge River. In the upstream part of the watershed, land uses consist mainly in forests and agricultural soils, whereas downstream, the population density reaches up to 8,000 inh. km-2, in the suburbs of Paris Megacity. The sampling sites were chosen to describe a gradation in urbanization influence from up to downstream in this particularly contrasted catchment. Four sampling campaigns were performed at seven selected sites along the Orge River during an hydrological year (2010/2011). The spatio-temporal monitoring of the concentrations in the dissolved phase (< 0.45 µm) and in suspended particulate matter (SPM) was associated to isotopic tools (δ34S [SO42-], 206Pb/207Pb) to understand both the dynamics of TE partition and the sources of contamination. Speciation of zinc was investigated as it is the main inorganic contaminant in the Orge River catchment, using X-ray diffraction, scanning/transmission electron microscopy coupled to microanalysis, and synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy. Results of geochemical analyses showed that runoff and sewer releases are major sources of contamination in river. Results from isotopic measurements allow to build a hydro-geochemical indicator of anthropogenic pressure in river which considers both physico-chemistry and hydrodynamics, by tracing simultaneously dissolved and particulate compartments. The investigation of zinc speciation permits to identify iron and manganese oxyhydroxydes, calcite, clays and amorphous silica as main bearing phases for this element. Microscopy results confirmed the existence of such phases in river and allowed the identification of secondary zinc bearing phases as sulfides, “surprisingly” present in the oxic water column. At last, this work permitted a better understanding of biogeochemical cycling of TE in urbanized rivers, and to explore new research schemes by coupling speciation and isotopic measurements for specific elements.

Cette étude s’intéresse aux variations de la composition isotopique du Mo des molybdénites (MoS2) afin de déterminer si un lien existe entre le type d’occurrence, les processus minéralisateurs, l’âge des occurrences et les variations observées pour le δMo. Une base de données (n=391) construite à partir d’analyses effectuées au cours de cette étude (n=198) et de donnée issue de la littérature (n=193) permet l’obtention de statistiques robustes sur la composition isotopique du Mo des MoS₂. Différents types d’occurrences ont été étudiés (granites, pegmatites, greisens, filons périgranitiques, porphyres, skarns, IOGC, veines polymétalliques et fentes alpines). Tous les δ98Mo ont été normalisés au NIST3134 (δ₉₈MoNIST(NIST) = 0‰). La répartition du δ₉₈MoNIST des MoS₂ tend à suivre une loi normale avec une moyenne de 0,04±1,04‰ (2σ). Les moyennes des δ₉₈MoNIST sont plus élevées pour les fentes alpines, les greisens et les veines périgranitiques que pour les skarns, granites et porphyres. Ces derniers types d’occurrences cristallisent à plus haute température que les précédents. Dans le cas des occurrences liées aux granites, le δ₉₈MoNIST des granites est plus faible que celui des pegmatites et que celui des veines périgranitiques. Ceci pourrait montrer une influence de la température sur le fractionnement isotopique du Mo. Des variations intra-occurrence ont aussi été mises en évidence. L’amplitude de ces variations ne dépend pas du type d’occurrence. Les δ₉₈MoNIST du skarn d’Azegour varient de 1,02‰. Le processus de fractionnement proposé est le fractionnement de Rayleigh lors de la cristallisation fractionnée. Des analyses isotopiques du Pb et du S montrent une forte contribution de la série volcano-sédimentaire encaissante. Les δ₉₈MoNIST de la pegmatite de Ploumanac’h varient très peu : 0,22‰. Les analyses isotopiques du S et du Pb montrent une forte contribution crustale dans la formation des magmas. / This study focuses on isotopic composition of molybdenite (MoS₂) in order to decipher possible links between occurrence type, mineralizing processes, ages and observed δMo variations. A data base (n=391) have been built thanks to data from this study and data from literature allowing to run solid statistics on Mo isotopic composition of MoS₂. Different occurrence types have been investigated (granite, pegmatite, greisens, perigranitic vein, porphyry deposit, skarn, IOCG, polymetallic epithermal vein and alpine-type fissure vein). All δ₉₈Mo have been normalized to NIST3134 (δ₉₈MoNIST(NIST) = 0‰). The distribution of all data is Gaussian with a mean value of 0.04±1.04‰ (2σ). δ₉₈MoNIST mean values are higher for alpine-type fissure vein, greisens and perigranitic vein than for skarn, granite and porphyry deposit. These last occurrence types crystallize at higher temperature. For granite-related occurrences, δ₉₈MoNIST of granite is lower than δ₉₈MoNIST of pegmatite and perigranitic vein. This suggests an influence of temperature on Mo isotopic fractionation. Intra-occurrence variations have been evidenced. The intra-occurrence variations are not depending of the occurrence type. δ₉₈MoNIST of the Azegour skarn vary on large range of 1.02‰. Rayleigh fractionation is proposed as principal fractionation process. S and Pb isotopic analyses suggest a contribution of hosting volcano-sedimentary series. δ₉₈MoNIST of Ploumanac’h pegmatite vary on a narrow range of 0.22‰. S and Pb isotopic analyses suggest a strong crustal contribution in magmas genesis.

Les lagunes côtières sont des écosystèmes semi-fermés à l'interface de la terre et des océans et sous l'influence de ces deux compartiments. De par ces caractéristiques, elles sont soumises à de fortes variations spatiales et saisonnières de leurs ressources trophiques. De par leur nature fermée et peu profonde, elles vont amplifier la force des processus qui conditionnent la disponibilité des ressources alimentaires et par conséquent l'écophysiologie des organismes benthiques qui composent les assemblages associés. Ce travail de thèse se propose de caractériser l'écophysiologie trophique de deux espèces de bivalves filtreurs (Nodipecten subnodosus et Spondylus crassisquama) au sein d'une lagune du Pacifique Nord-est (Basse Californie, Mexique). Une approche mufti-tissus et multi-traceurs (isotopes stables, acides gras, stérols et analyse isotopique sur acides gras) a été adoptée afin de pouvoir caractériser l'écologie trophique des espèces, mais aussi leurs régulations physiologiques face aux variations environnementales. Deux facteurs clés se sont révélés largement explicatifs de la variabilité spatio-temporelle observée dans le régime alimentaire : la période (hiver vs été) et la localisation dans la lagune par rapport à l'embouchure. L'importance des apports de phytoplancton océanique a été démontrée dans l'ensemble de la lagune, avec une contribution plus importante de diatomées océaniques notamment en période estivale pour les individus à proximité de l'embouchure. Par ailleurs, les bivalves en fond de lagune semblaient davantage dépendre de la matière organique locale, en particulier issue du recyclage bactérien, voire de la production des herbiers de phanérogames. Ces contrastes spatiaux se reflétaient également dans la composition des membranes cellulaires, mettant en évidence les interactions entre apports trophiques et régulations métaboliques des compositions en acides gras chez ces deux bivalves. Cette thèse présente une approche intégrée dédiée à la compréhension des variations spatiales et saisonnières des ressources trophiques d'un écosystème lagunaire, ainsi que leurs répercutions trophiques et physiologiques sur les assemblages benthiques. / Coastal lagoons are semi-enclosed ecosystems at the interface between land and ocean and under the influence of these two compartments. Owing to these characteristics these ecosystems are submitted to spatial and seasonal variations in their trophic resources. Because of their enclosed and shallow nature, lagoons amplify the intensity of processes conditioning the availability of food resources and consequently the ecophysiology of the benthic organisms which compose associated assemblages. This thesis aims to characterize the trophic ecophysiology of two species of suspension feeding bivalves (Nodipecten subnodosus and Spondylus crussisquomo) within a lagoon of Northeast Pacific (Baja California, Mexico). A mufti-tissue and multi-tracer approach (stable isotopes, fatty acids, sterols, and isotope analysis on fatty acids) was used in order to characterise the trophic ecology of both species, as well as their physiological regulations against environmental variations. Two key factors have been found to explain the observed spatio-temporal variability: the period (winter vs summer), and the location in the lagoon with respect to the distance from the mouth. The importance of oceanic phytoplankton inputs has been highlighted throughout the lagoon, with a greater contribution of oceanic diatoms particularly during the summer period for individuals near the mouth. Bivalves from the inner lagoon seemed more dependent of local organic matter, in particular resulting from bacterial recycling, or even from the production of eelgrass. These spatial contrasts were also reflected in the composition of cell membranes, highlighting the interactions between trophic contributions and metabolic regulation of fatty acid composition in both bivalves. This thesis presents an integrated approach to understand spatial and seasonal variations of the trophic resources of a lagoon ecosystem, as well as their trophic and physiological repercussions on benthic assemblages.