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[pt] Este trabalho de tese faz parte de um estudo de desenvolvimento de aço API X80 e o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento estável de uma trinca superficial localizada na zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) da junta longitudinal obtida pelo processo de arco submerso. Foram estudados dois aços API 5L X80 pertencentes aos sistemas NbCr e NbCrMo. Considerando que dutos operam sob altas pressões, gerando um estado de tensão severo sob um defeito ou trinca presente no material pode ocorrer falha da estrutura. Deste modo, torna-se necessário estudar a natureza destas trincas e o potencial de crescimento, permitindo assim controlar e prever o crescimento estável da trinca. Para avaliar o comportamento da trinca, foi utilizada a metodologia de integral J. Esta metodologia objetiva avaliar e prever o comportamento à fratura. Os resultados esperados no ensaio de integral J é a obtenção da curva de resistência J-R e o valor do JIc, que representa o valor de J no início do crescimento estável de trinca. / [en] This work of thesis is part of a study of steel development API X80 and the objective of this work was to evaluate superficial the steady growth of one crack located in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of together the longitudinal one gotten by the process of submerged arc. Two pertaining steel API had been studied 5L X80 to the systems NbCr and NbCrMo. Considering that pipes operate under high pressures, generating a severe state of tension under a present defect or crack in the material imperfection of the structure can occur. In this way, one becomes necessary to study the nature of these cracks and the potential of growth, being thus allowed to control and to foresee the steady growth of crack. To evaluate the behavior of crack, the methodology of integral J was used. This objective methodology to evaluate and to foresee the behavior to the breaking. The results waited in the assay of integral J are the attainment of the curve of resistance J-R and the value of the JIc, which represents the value of J in the beginning of the steady growth of crack.

abstract: In this paper, at first, analytical formulation of J-integral for a non-local particle model (VCPM) using atomic scale finite element method is proposed for fracture analysis of 2D solids. A brief review of classical continuum-based J-integral and anon-local lattice particle method is given first. Following this, detailed derivation for the J-integral in discrete particle system is given using the energy equivalence and stress-tensor mapping between the continuum mechanics and lattice-particle system.With the help of atomistic finite element method, the J-integral is expressed as a summation of the corresponding terms in the particle system. Secondly, a coupling algorithm between a non-local particle method (VCPM) and the classical finite element method (FEM) is discussed to gain the advantages of both methods for fracture analysis in large structures. In this algorithm, the discrete VCPM particle and the continuum FEM domains are solved within a unified theoretical framework. A transitional element technology is developed to smoothly link the 10-particles element with the traditional FEM elements to guaranty the continuity and consistency at the coupling interface. An explicit algorithm for static simulation is developed. Finally, numerical examples are illustrated for the accuracy, convergence, and path-independence of the derived J-integral formulation. Discussions on the comparison with alternative estimation methods and potential application for fracture simulation are given. The accuracy and efficiency of the coupling algorithm are tested by several benchmark problems such as static crack simulation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016

abstract: A method for modelling the interactions of dislocations with inclusions has been developed to analyse toughening mechanisms in alloys. This method is different from the superposition method in that infinite domain solutions and image stress fields are not superimposed. The method is based on the extended finite element method (XFEM) in which the dislocations are modelled according to the Volterra dislocation model. Interior discontinuities are introduced across dislocation glide planes using enrichment functions and the resulting boundary value problem is solved through the standard finite element variational approach. The level set method is used to describe the geometry of the dislocation glide planes without any explicit treatment of the interface geometry which provides a convenient and an appealing means for describing the dislocation. A method for estimating the Peach-Koehler force by the domain form of J-integral is considered. The convergence and accuracy of the method are studied for an edge dislocation interacting with a free surface where analytical solutions are available. The force converges to the exact solution at an optimal rate for linear finite elements. The applicability of the method to dislocation interactions with inclusions is illustrated with a system of Aluminium matrix containing Aluminium-copper precipitates. The effect of size, shape and orientation of the inclusions on an edge dislocation for a difference in stiffness and coefficient of thermal expansion of the inclusions and matrix is considered. The force on the dislocation due to a hard inclusion increased by 8% in approaching the sharp corners of a square inclusion than a circular inclusion of equal area. The dislocation experienced 24% more force in moving towards the edges of a square shaped inclusion than towards its centre. When the areas of the inclusions were halved, 30% less force was exerted on the dislocation. This method was used to analyse interfaces with mismatch strains. Introducing eigenstrains equal to 0.004 to the elastic mismatch increased the force by 15 times for a circular inclusion. The energy needed to move an edge dislocation through a domain filled with circular inclusions is 4% more than that needed for a domain with square shaped inclusions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016

This paper describes the analytical work done by modelling and evaluating a thermal shock in a WWER-440 reactor pressure vessel due to an emergency case. An axial oriented semielliptical underclad/surface crack is assumed to be located in the core weld line. Threedimensional finite element models are used to compute the global transient temperature and stress-strain fields. By using a three-dimensional submodel, which includes the crack, the local crack stress-strain field is obtained. With a subsequent postprocessing using the j-integral technique the stress intensity factors KI along the crack front are obtained. The results for the underclad and surface crack are provided and compared, together with a critical discussion of the VERLIFE code.

The meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method is used to numerically find an approximate solution of plane strain/stress linear elastostatic and elastodynamic problems. The MLPG method requires only a set of nodes both for the interpolation of the solution variables and the evaluation of various integrals appearing in the problem formulation. The monomial basis functions in the MLPG formulation have been enriched with those for the linear elastic fracture mechanics solutions near a crack tip. Also, the diffraction and the visibility criteria have been added to make the displacement field discontinuous across a crack. A computer code has been developed in Fortran and validated by comparing computed solutions of three static and one dynamic problem with their analytical solutions. The capabilities of the code have been extended to analyze contact problems in which a displacement component and the complementary traction component are prescribed at the same point of the boundary. The code has been used to analyze stress and deformation fields near a crack tip and to find the stress intensity factors by using contour integrals, the equivalent domain integrals and the J-integral and from the intercepts with the ordinate of the plots, on a logarithmic scale, of the stress components versus the distance ahead of the crack tip. We have also computed time histories of the stress intensity factors at the tips of a central crack in a rectangular plate with plate edges parallel to the crack loaded in tension. These are found to compare favorably with those available in the literature. The code has been used to compute time histories of the stress intensity factors in a double edge-notched plate with the smooth edge between the notches loaded in compression. It is found that the deformation fields near the notch tip are mode-II dominant. The mode mixity parameter can be changed in an orthotropic plate by adjusting the ratio of the Young's moduli in the axial and the transverse direction. The plane strain problem of compressing a linear elastic material confined in a rectangular cavity with rough horizontal walls and a smooth vertical wall has been studied with the developed code. Computed displacements and stresses are found to agree well with the analytical solution of the problem obtained by the Laplace transform technique. The Appendix describes the analysis with the finite element code ABAQUS of the dependence of the energy release rate upon the crack length in a polymeric disk enclosed in a steel ring and having a star shaped hole at its center. A starter crack is assumed to exist in one of the leaflets of the hole. The disk is loaded either by a pressure acting on the surfaces of the hole and the crack or by a temperature rise. Computed values of the energy release rate obtained by modeling the disk material as Hookean are found to be about 30% higher than those obtained when the disk material is modeled as Mooney-Rivlin. The latter set of results accounts for both material and geometric nonlinearities. / Ph. D.

This research explores the nearly untapped research area of the analysis of fracture mechanics in residual stress zones. This type of research has become more prevalent in the field in recent years due to the increase in prominence of residual stress producing processes. Such processes include additive manufacturing of metals and installation procedures that lead to loads outside the anticipated standard operating load envelope. Abaqus was used to generate models that iteratively advanced toward solving this problem using the compact tensile specimen geometry. The first model developed in this study is a two-dimensional fracture model which then led to the development of an improved three-dimensional fracture model. Both models used linear elastic fracture mechanics to determine the stress intensity factor (K) value. These two models were verified using closed-form equations from linear elastic fracture mechanics. The results of these two models validate the modeling techniques used for future model iterations. The final objective of this research is to develop an elastic-plastic fracture mechanics model. The first step in the development of an elastic-plastic fracture model is a three-dimensional quasi-static model that creates the global macroscale displacement field for the entire specimen geometry. The global model was then used to create a fracture submodel. The submodel utilized the displacement field to reduce the model volume, which allowed a higher mesh density to be applied to the part. The higher mesh density allowed more elements to be allocated to accurately represent the model behavior in the area local to the singularity. The techniques used to create this model were validated either by the linear elastic models or by supplementary dog bone prototype models. The prototype models were run to test model results, such as plastic stress-strain behavior, that were unable to be tested by just the linear elastic models. The elastic-plastic fracture mechanics global quasi-static model was verified using the plastic zone estimate and the fracture submodel resulted in a J-integral value. The two-dimensional linear elastic model was validated within 6% and the three-dimensional linear elastic model was validated within 0.57% of the closed-form solution for linear elastic fracture mechanics. These results validated the modeling techniques. The elastic-plastic fracture mechanics quasi-static global model formed a residual stress zone using a Load-Unload-Reload load sequence. The quasi-static global model had a plastic zone with only a 0.02-inch variation from the analytical estimate of the plastic zone diameter. The quasi-static global model was also verified to exceed the limits of linear elastic fracture mechanics due to the size of the plastic zone in relation to the size of the compact specimen geometry. The difference between the three-dimensional linear elastic fracture model J-integral and the elastic-plastic fracture submodel initial loading J-integral was 3.75%. The J-integral for the reload step was 18% larger than the J-integral for the initial loading step in the elastic-plastic fracture submodel. / Master of Science / Additive manufacturing, sometimes referred to as 3-D printing, has become an area of rapid innovation. Additive manufacturing methods have many benefits such as the ability to produce complex geometries with a single process and a reduction in the amount of waste material. However, a problem with these processes is that very few methods have been created to analyze the initial part stresses caused by the processes used to additive manufacture. Finite element methods are computer-based analyses that can determine the behavior of parts based off prescribed properties, shape, and loading conditions. This research utilizes a standard fracture determination shape to leverage finite element methods. The models determine when a crack will form in a part that has process stresses from additive manufacturing. The model for crack initiation was first developed in two dimensions, neglecting the thickness of the part, using a basic material property definition. The same basic material property definition was next used to develop a crack initiation model in three dimensions. Then a more advanced material property definition was used to capture the impact of additive manufacturing on material properties. This material property definition was first used to establish the part properties as it relates to part weakening due to additive manufacturing. A higher accuracy model of just the crack development area was produced to determine the crack initiation properties of the additive manufactured part. Methods previously confirmed by testing were used to validate the models produced in this research. The models demonstrated that under the same loading parts with initial processes stresses were closer to fracture than parts without initial stresses.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de procedimentos para a medição de curvas de resistência J-R em espécimes SE(T) usando os métodos de flexibilidade elástica e método n. Uma descrição da metodologia sobre a qual J e o crescimento de trinca são medidos estabelece o contexto para determinar dados de resistência ao rasgamento dúctil com o emprego de curvas carga vs. deslocamento obtidas experimentalmente. A extensiva matriz de análises em estado plano de deformações de espécimes SE(T) complementada, em algumas geometrias selecionadas, com análises 3D permite a determinação numérica da flexibilidade adimensional, u, e fatores nJ e Y para uma grande faixa de proporções geométricas e propriedades de material características de aços estruturais e para dutos. Ensaios laboratoriais de um aço API 5L X60 à temperatura ambiente usando espécimes SE(T) carregados por pinos com entalhes laterais (side-grooves) fornecem os dados de carga e deslocamento necessários para validar o procedimento para determinar curvas de resistência do material. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese fornecem uma base de soluções para o futuro estabelecimento de norma padronizada para a medição experimental de curvas J-R em corpos de prova SE(T) mecanicamente similares a dutos com defeitos bidimensionais. / This work provides an estimation procedure to determine J-resistance curves for pinloaded and clamped SE(T) fracture specimens using the unloading compliance technique and the n-method. A summary of the methodology upon which J and crack extension are derived sets the necessary framework to determine crack resistance data from the measured load vs. displacement curves. The extensive plane-strain analyses and key 3D results enable numerical estimates of the nondimensional compliance, u , and parameters n and Y for a wide range of specimen geometries and material properties characteristic of structural and pipeline steels. Laboratory testings of an API 5L X60 steel at room temperature using pin-loaded SE(T) specimens with side-grooves provide the load-displacement data needed to validate the estimation procedure for measuring the crack growth resistance curve for the material. The results presented in the this thesis produce a representative set of solutions which lend further support to develop standard test procedures for constraint-designed SE(T) specimens applicable in measurements of crack growth resistance for pipelines.

Foi avaliada a influência da microestrutura na tenacidade à fratura de dois grupos de aços de Alta Resistência e Baixa Liga (ARBL), soldados, com diferentes composições microestruturais. Os metais de solda designados por A1/A2 exibiram uma microestrutura composta por ferrita acicular circundada por ferrita de contorno de grão, com alguma formação de ferrita Widmanstätten e microfases, denominada de microestrutura do tipo clássica. Os metais de solda designados por B1/B2 exibiram um microestrutura composta por bainita, martensita de baixo teor de carbono e microfases, denominada de microestrutura do tipo de ripas. Estes dois tipos de microestruturas são normalmente encontradas nas soldas de alta resistência empregadas em estruturas e componentes de grande responsabilidade. A avaliação da tenacidade à fratura foi realizada pela utilização dos conceitos da integral-J e CTOD. A técnica empregada para a medida do crescimento da trinca, foi a da variação da flexibilidade elástica em corpos de prova SE[B] e C(T). Os valores da tenacidade à fratura dos dois grupos de soldas, para ambas geometrias de corpos de prova, foram determinados e comparados. As análises microestruturais, do metal de solda e das superfícies de fratura dos corpos de prova ensaiados, foram realizadas por meio de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, com o objetivo de se correlacionar os valores de tenacidade à fratura com a microestrutura dos metais de solda. Foi verificado que os metais de solda A1/A2 que possuem uma microestrutura clássica, apresentaram tenacidade superior aos metais de solda B1/B2, que possuem uma microestrutura do tipo de ripas. / The influence of the microstructure on the fracture toughness behaviour of two groups of multipass High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel weld metals, presenting different microstructure composition, was evaluated. The weld metals A1/A2 exhibited a microstructure composed by acicular ferrite, allotriomorphic ferrite, Widmanstätten ferrite and microphases, and the weld metals B1/B2 presented a microstructure composed by bainite, low carbon martensite and microphases. The fracture toughness evaluation was carried out using J-integral and CTOD concepts and the elastic compliance technique in both SE[B] and CT testpieces. The fracture toughness values for both groups of welds and testpiece geometry were determined and compared. The weld metals microstructures and fracture surfaces analysis were performed using optical and scanning electronic microscope techniques, to correlate the determined fracture toughness values, with the local microstructure around the fatigue crack tip. It was verified that the weld metals A1/A2 exhibited fracture toughness values superior to the ones obtained from weld metals B1/B2.