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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Controls on dolomitisation of Upper Cretaceous strata of North Africa and Western Mediterranean

Newport, Richard Joseph January 2015 (has links)
Despite the economic importance of dolomitised Upper Cretaceous strata, little work has been conducted to further the understanding of the controls on dolomitisation during a green-house period with low marine Mg/Ca ratio. This study presents a multidisciplinary, multi-scale approach using field, petrographical and geochemical data to understand the mechanism of dolomitisation in North Africa and western Mediterranean in order to determine the controls on dolomitisation of Upper Cretaceous strata. Two field areas have been chosen that exhibit similar facies and are time equivalent, located along the Jeffara Escarpment in southern Tunisia and in the Iberian Range of central Spain. Both areas comprise facies deposited in mid-ramp, platform margin, lagoon, inter- and supra-tidal environments. Based on the distribution of facies, a sequence stratigraphic model was proposed for both areas which show similar changes in relative sea level. In the Iberian Basin there is strong evidence of a dramatic rearrangement in basin architecture resulting from tectonic activity during the Upper Cenomanian, whilst on the Jeffara Escarpment deposition took place on a passive margin. Both areas show evidence of warm, arid climates; even though the Iberian Range was in a more northerly palaeogeographic position, there was a rain shadow which affected facies distribution and dolomitisation. Planar dolomite fabrics, dull luminescence under cathodoluminescence, marine trace element concentrations and marine to slightly enriched oxygen isotope values suggest that dolomitisation occurred from mesosaline, marine fluids. Dolomitisation occurred from multiple fluxes of dolomitising fluids, controlled by high frequency changes in relative sea level. A cessation of dolomitisation only occurred during late transgressive systems tract of low order sea level cycles as a result of platform flooding. The Distribution of dolomitising fluids was partly controlled by pre-cursor limestone with low permeability horizons acting as aquicludes and permeable sandstones acting as aquifers. Changes in basin architecture caused reversals in flow of dolomitising fluids on the Iberian Range whilst increased subsidence caused cessation of dolomitisation due to rapid increase in relative sea level on the platform top. Dolomitisation occurred over a wider geographical area in the Jeffara Escarpment compared to the Iberian Range as a result of higher fluid salinity, larger brine pool and higher temperature of dolomitising fluids. The distribution of dolomitised strata of the circum-Tethys and across the Arabian Plate suggests that early reflux dolomitisation occurred within arid climate belts, and did not require hypersaline conditions, evidenced by evaporite distribution, as previously suggested. This study has important implications for the hydrocarbon industry by improving our ability to predict distribution, size and geometry of dolomitised strata essential for hydrocarbon exploration and field development. Furthermore this study has improved our understanding on the controls on dolomitisation during greenhouse periods with low Mg/Ca ratio of seawater and high frequency sea level changes.
2

Apports de l'imagerie et des SIG pour une étude morphostructurale de la jeffara tunisienne : implications géodynamiques et intérêts pétroliers / GIS and imagery contribution in the morphostructural study of Jeffara (south east of tunisia) : geodynamic implications and petroleum interests

Ghedhoui, Rim 27 November 2014 (has links)
L’étude morphostructurale de la Jeffara orientale a été basée sur l’analyse des anomalies du réseau de drainage et l’analyse structurale du modèle numérique de terrain (MNT, SRTM), comparées aux interprétations de lignes sismiques réflexion 2D onshore et offshore, de données structurales et lithologiques de terrain et la relecture et ré-interpretation de travaux préexistants. La présente étude a, notamment, mis en évidence de nouveaux indices structuraux qui plaident en faveur de la présence d’un mouvement décrochant dextre : (1) des fentes de tension en échelon et des fentes de tension sigmoïdes (en S), caractéristiques d’un mouvement décrochant dextre de direction NW-SE pour l’île de Jerba, associées à des failles de directions prédominantes N120 °E à N130 °E décrivant un mouvement transtensif décrochant dextre. Ces failles décrochantes à composante normale sont structurées en « couloirs de décrochements transtensifs » bien visibles sur les profils de sismique réflexion 2D, par le pendage régional des réflecteurs sismiques vers le NE (mer Méditerranée), par les zones transparentes et les décalages verticaux des faciès sismiques ; (2) des plis parallèles, de direction N070 °E (au SE de Jerba, au Nord de la ville de Zarzis et au NW de Bahiret el Bibane), des axes de plis décalés en dextre (au SE de l’ile de Jerba et au Nord de la ville de Zarzis), des plis dissymétriques et (3) des diapirs NW-SE et NE-SW, qui s’étalent suivant les directions préférentielles de fractures en offshore. Sur le plan géodynamique, la présente étude pluridisciplinaire permet de simplifier l’histoire tectonique de la Jeffara maritime, depuis la limite Crétacé Inférieur – Crétacé Supérieur, par (1) un relatif continuum de régime tectonique compressif/décrochant avec σ1 globalement NNW-SSE à N-S entrainant un raccourcissement presque N-S et un échappement local du « plancher » du golf de Gabès vers l’Est, liée à la bordure libre méditerranéenne. Chaque déplacement transtensif engendrerait une remontée diapirique et une extension halocinétique pluri à multidirectionnelle. En plus, l’étude morphostructurale associée à l’interprétation d’un maillage serré de lignes de sismique réflexion 2D couvrant une partie SE de la Jeffara, a permis de souligner les directions de failles majeures E –W du craâton africain avant le rifting téthysien et leur faible ré-activation postérieure et de mettre en place un modèle structural silurien de la région de Ksar Haddada. Ce dernier est caractérisé par une structuration en horsts et grabens, orientés E – W, qui se trouvent entrecoupés par des failles normales majeures de même direction. L’analyse des linéaments morphostructuraux met en avant une possible relation entre la structuration profonde E – W, décelée sur les cartes isobathes au toits des formations siluriennes (Accacus d’âge Silurien Supérieur et Tannezuft d’âge Silurien Inférieur) et les alignements morphostructuraux de surface, qui ont montré une direction majeure caractéristique E-W.En conclusion, les répercussions pétrolières de la structuration de la Jeffara apparaissent intéressantes. Le bassin pull apart que forment l’île de Jerba et les péninsules de Jorf et Zarzis, dont le cœur est occupé par Bahiret Boughrara permet la mise en place d’un complexe diapirique à fort intérêt pétrolier, favorisant le piégeage des hydrocarbures par les remontées salifères / The morphostructurale study of oriental Jeffara was based on the analysis of the anomalies of the network of drainage and the structural analysis of the digital terrain model (MNT, SRTM), compared with the interpretations(performances) of seismic lines onshore and offshore 2D reflection, of structural data and lithologiques by ground and the review(proofreading) and the ré-interpretation(ré-performance) of pre-existent works. The present study highlighted, in particular, new structural indications which advocate for the presence of a movement dropping out dexter: (1) of the cracks of tension in level and cracks of tension sigmoïdes (in S), characteristics of a movement picking up(taking down) right hand of direction(management) NW-SE for the island of Jerba, associated with weaknesses(faults) of dominant directions(managements) N120 °E to N130 °E describing a transtensif movement
3

The application of land evaluation techniques in Jeffara Plain in Libya using fuzzy methods

Elaalem, Mukhtar January 2010 (has links)
This research compares three approaches to land suitability evaluation, Boolean, Fuzzy AHP and Ideal Point, for barley, wheat and maize crops in the north-western region of Jeffara Plain in Libya. A number of soil and landscape criteria were identified to accommodate the three cash crops under irrigation conditions and their weights specified as a result of discussions with local experts. The findings emphasised that soil factors represented the most sensitive criteria affecting all the crops considered. In contrast, erosion and slope were found to be less important in the study area. Using Boolean logic the results indicated only four suitability classes (highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and currently not suitable) for all crops. In contrast, the results obtained by adopting the Fuzzy AHP and Ideal Point approaches revealed that the area of study has a greater degree of subdivision in land suitability classes. Overall, the results of the three approaches indicated that the area under consideration has a good potential to produce barley, wheat and maize under irrigation provided that the water and drainage requirements are met. Comparing the three models showed that each suitability class derived from the Boolean approach is associated with low and high values for joint membership functions when derived from Fuzzy AHP and Ideal Point approaches respectively. In other words, the two fuzzy approaches have shown their ability to explore the uncertainties associated with describing the land properties. The richer overall picture provides an alternative type of land suitability evaluation to Boolean approaches and allows subtle variations in land suitability to be explored. The Fuzzy AHP approach was found to be better than the Ideal Point approach; the latter was biased towards positive and negative ideal values. In the future, field trial plots will be needed to evaluate and validate the results further.
4

Sédimentologie et stratigraphie des séries clastiques du Trias inférieur à moyen du bassin de Ghadamès et de la Jeffara (Tunisie et Libye) / Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the lower and middle triasic clastics formations of the Ghadames and Jeffara basin (Tunisia and Libya)

Bibonne, Romain 04 April 2014 (has links)
L’ouverture de l’Océan Néotéthys au nord du bassin de Ghadamès et de la Jeffara s’accompagne d’une phase d’extension. Ceci engendre une phase de subsidence qui se traduit par le dépôt des premières séries syn-rift d’âges Permien moyen à supérieur (formation El Watiah) et Trias inférieur à moyen (formations Bir el Jaja, Ouled Chebbi et Ras Hamia/Kirchaou). Cette étude propose la compréhension de l’architecture stratigraphique et séquentielle des formations triasiques détritiques, et de la partie supérieure clastique de la formation El Watiah. 221 puits et 18 coupes sédimentologiques de terrain (affleurements du Sud tunisien) ont été corrélées à travers l’ensemble du bassin de Ghadamès et de la Jeffara. Il est démontré que ces séries s’organisent en 11 séquences de 3ème ordre. 28 cartes d’isochores et de paléogéographie ont été réalisées. D’un point de vue tectonostratigraphique, un épaississement drastique des séquences a notamment été confirmé en direction du nord de la Jeffara, à la faveur d’une subsidence forte et très différentielle. Dans le sud du bassin, un domaine caractérisé par une subsidence faible et peu différentielle a aussi été reconnu. Par ailleurs, une réinterprétation sédimentologique de la formation du TAGI de la région d’El Borma (équivalent latéral de la formation ladinienne Ras Hamia) a été proposée. / During the opening of the Neotethys Ocean north of the Ghadames and Jeffara basin, an extensional phase created subsidence. It resulted in the deposition of the first syn-rift strata aged Middle to Upper Permian (El Watiah formation) and Lower to Middle Triassic (Bir el Jaja, Ouled Chebbi and Ras Hamia / Kirchaou formations). This study provides details of the stratigraphic and sequential architecture of triassic siliciclastic series and the upper clastic part of the El Watiah formation. 221 wells and 18 sedimentological field sections (outcrops from south Tunisia) have been correlated across the entire Ghadames basin and Jeffara. An organization in 11 sequences has been highlighted. 28 isochores and paleogeographic maps have been drawn. In terms of tectonostratigraphy, a major thickening of sequences has been confirmed toward the North of Jeffara, resulting from a very strong and differential subsidence. Low and subtle differential subsidence has been demonstrated in the southern part of the basin. In addition, a new sedimentological interpretation of the TAGI formation (lateral equivalent of the ladinian Ras Hamia formation) has been considered in the El Borma area.

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