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After several visits to New France, the French Jesuit Pierre-Francois-Xavier de Charlevoix produced a detailed multivolume study entitled Histoire et description generale de la Nouvelle France. This thesis places the historiographical aims enunciated in that work within the context of eighteenth-century historical writing. Echoes of the approach of both the "philosophes" and the "erudits" can be found in Charlevoix's work and the conflict between these two influences will be analysed here. / By looking more specifically at the issue of the truth through Charlevoix's description of the Jesuit missionaries' enterprise, the essay explains the methods used by the author to increase the credibility of his narrative work. In spite of the stern criticisms which were circulating at the time against the theological view of history, it is by attempting to reconcile the Christian doctrines with a rigorous critical method that Charlevoix tries to reach his goals.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1992. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 273-295).

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由14位作者寫於17世紀、收於耶穌會羅馬館的28篇祭禮文獻，是迄今所見最早一批出自中國士人信徒之手，在禮儀之爭期間就傳教士對祭祖禮的顧慮作出回應的文章。按內容來看，傳教士的顧慮可歸納為兩類，一是採取詢問的方式，向這批士人信徒請教與祭祀相關的問題，二是對祭祖禮已持有否定態度，致令這批作者撰文予以反駁。從祭祖禮的觀點方面來說，28篇文獻作者主要是從祭祖本義、祭祖禮是否真的含有與天主教信仰相牴觸的成份等兩方面，進行論述。對於前者，他們認為祭祖源於人情、德育及治國三方面的需要；對於後者，他們指祭祖禮既無求福的成份，亦不認為祖先仍會來格來饗於祭祀現場，因此祭祖之槍祭"與祭上帝之槍祭"在本質上迥異。雖然在該如何理人死後的靈魂狀態、嘏辭是否在當時社會中已無人應用等細節上，個別作者有不同的意見，然而他們基本上是一致認為祭祖禮應允許中國信徒繼續奉行。從立論方式來說，28篇文獻作者中縱使有個別作者對某些儒家經典的可信性存疑，但他們大多仍是主要採用經學進路，強調先王、孔子、儒學的地位及中國文字用法有其特別之處，援引儒家經典、尤其是《禮記》對祭祖禮的描述，以及宋儒的觀點、當中又尤以朱熹為主，作為探討時的論據. 以28篇與其所身處的明末清初時期經學主流相較而言，他們的確反映了當時整體經學風氣所尚--以朱熹為宗、漸開漢宋兼爭之勢。不過，對於祭祖禮本義的理解，比對作為當時經學相關方面的代表人物--朱熹及其學派的陳澔、納蘭性德等人的觀點，在情、德、治三方面之外，朱熹等人並不否認祭祖求福、相信祖先能來格來饗，朱子甚至認為祭祖的本義之一，就是在於以祭祀之誠讓祖先的魂魄能夠得以安頓。以28篇與其所身處17世紀來華傳教士、教廷相較而言，耶穌會傳教士的觀點最與28篇相近，他們注意到祭祖禮在情、德方面對中國人的意義，認為仍有允許中國信徒奉行祭祀的價值。然而，多明我會、方濟各會傳教士則持定相反意見，他們的關注點不在於祭祖禮對中國人的意義、價值，而是禮儀中所存在的求福於祖先、相信祖先仍能來格來饗等成份，與天主教信仰相悖。至於教廷，則會按傳教士上呈的資料，而對祭祖禮是否仍能奉行於信徒之間，在答覆時作出相應的調整。立論方式上，除耶穌會與多明我會的萬濟國，會引用中國儒家經典作為討論依據外，托缽修會的傳教士主要是按眼見當時社會上祭祖禮情況作出判斷。雖然在論述過程中，28篇文獻一方面與明末清初經學主流對於祭祖禮本義的理解存在歧異，另一方面亦出現對經典的錯解、邏輯上的謬誤等若干不足；但是，不管是讓後世得以更全面地認識禮儀之爭這段歷史，抑或是為當代有關槍祭祖"問題的研究帶來參考與啟發，這批文獻皆具有重要的價值。Abstract The 28 documents, collected by the Society of Jesus Roman Archive, were written in 17th century by 14 authors. They were possibly the earliest Chinese scholar-believers that discussed with the western missionaries about the concept of ancestral offering ritual during the Chinese Rites Controversy. Since the ancestral offering ritual had been held negative attitude, the scholars had to write these documents for refuting. For the ancestral offering ritual, the authors mainly discussed the original meaning of ancestral offering ritual, and consider whether it is in contravention of the Catholic faith. They believed that ancestral offering ritual contained three elements: humanity(人情), morality(德育) and social order(治國). They neither looked for blessings from ancestors nor thought that the spirits of ancestors would be present to the ritual, thus, the ancestral offering and the offering sacrifice to God were different in nature. Though individual authors had different views on the state of the spirits of ancestors, they agreed that ancestral offering ritual should be allowed to continue to practice among Chinese believers. Most of the authors mainly used the Confucian Classics Approach(經學進路) to make their arguments. They took Confucian, especially the "Book of Ritual", and Zhu Xi of Song Dynasty as the main sources to present their.;arguments of ancestral offering ritual. However, apart from the three elements, Zhu did not deny that ancestral offering ritual was to seek blessings, and believed that the spirits of ancestors would be present to the ritual. Zhu even believed that ancestral offering ritual was for settling the spirits of ancestors. The view of the Society of Jesus was closed to that of the authors. They noted that the significances of ancestral offering ritual to Chinese people were more about humanity and morality, and thought that it was worthy for Chinese believers to practice the ancestral offering ritual. However, the Dominican and the Franciscan missionaries held of opposite view. Their concerns were not the significances and values of ancestral offering ritual, but the behaviour of seeking blessings from ancestors and the belief of the presence of the spirits of ancestors. In the Chinese Rites Controversy, the Society of Jesus and the Francisco Varo of Dominicans referred Confucian as the basis for their discussions. The Mendicant missionaries mainly depended on the situation at that time in the society to make judgments. The Vatican was only according to the information from missionaries to make corresponding judgments that whether the ancestral offering ritual was being allowed to practice among Chinese believers. Although there are discrepancies and some logical fallacies between the 28 documents and the Confucian Classics of Ming and Qing Dynasties about the understanding of the original meaning of ancestral offering ritual, these documents can bring great inspiration on the contemporary research of ancestral offering ritual and make a more comprehensive reorganization of the history of Chinese Rites Controversy.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-08-24T12:52:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jandevaldo Felipe dos Santos.pdf: 9600412 bytes, checksum: 06bfe823f2b57491f0d2cc8946629a5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-24T12:52:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jandevaldo Felipe dos Santos.pdf: 9600412 bytes, checksum: 06bfe823f2b57491f0d2cc8946629a5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / This dissertation is focused on studies of contact zones and the cultural meetings between native Brazilian people and Jesuits missionaries in Portuguese America, dated by sixteenth century. For noticing the stress and conflicts, we choose analyses some letters written by priest Jose de Anchietain reference to the missionary activities in the cities of Sao Vicente and Piratininga (1554 1570). Based on an interdisciplinary premise, in cooperation with Anthropology and History references about the theme, the proposal of our analysis is identifying references in the missionary letters which allow us to think how native Brazilian people were instructed about religion and how they resisted to the new culture that they were being forced to, as well as the challenges and possible contradictions shown in the Colonizer’s praxis. We intend, this way, contribute to the knowledge expansion about the introduction of the Catholicism in Brazil by sixteenth century, in the context of Science of Religion / A presente dissertação tem como objeto as zonas de contato e os encontros culturais entre indígenas e missionários jesuítas na América Portuguesa no século XVI. Para perceber suas tensões e conflitos, optamos por analisar conjunto de cartas do Pe. José de Anchieta que se referem à atividade missionária em São Vicente e Piratininga (1554 a 1570). Partindo de uma premissa interdisciplinar, tendo como referenciais as colaborações da Antropologia e da História sobre o tema, nosso recorte propõe identificar nas cartas dos missionários elementos que permitam refletir sobre a maneira como os indígenas receberam e resistiram à nova religião e cultura que lhes estava sendo imposta, assim como os desafios e as possíveis contradições presentes na práxis do colonizador. Pretendemos, dessa maneira, contribuir para a ampliação do conhecimento sobre a introdução do catolicismo no Brasil do século XVI, no âmbito da Ciência da Religião

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-25T13:17:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Mariano Santana.pdf: 1158195 bytes, checksum: 716dd97b639667ff79a5e6121a6bd066 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-25T13:17:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Mariano Santana.pdf: 1158195 bytes, checksum: 716dd97b639667ff79a5e6121a6bd066 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-12 / The purpose of this dissertation is to present, through the Narrative by Fernão Cardim, his secretary, with whom he was present as the visit of Father Cristóvão de Gouveia, designated Visitor of the Province of Brazil by the General of the Company of Jesus, Cláudio Aquaviva, between 1583 and 1585. It was proposed to analyze the situation encountered by the Visitor and Fernão Cardim, facing a scenario that had internal problems of the Company of Jesus, such as the lack of missionary fervor, the use of slave labor by autochthons and negroes of Guinea and external problems with the conflict between settlers and Jesuits by exploiting the work of the Indians and their temporal administration in the villages. In this sense, this work shows how the visitor Cristóvão de Gouveia solved the problems in the province, starting from his effective action in spaces important for the missionary project as, for example, the villages, sugar mills, colleges, with measures that aimed to provide the realization of catechesis and, above all, to undertake the colonization of Brazil, which is why the intense participation of the Portuguese Crown in this missionary process is justified / O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar através da Narrativa de Fernão Cardim seu secretário, com quem aqui esteve como transcorreu a visita do Padre Cristóvão de Gouveia, designado Visitador da Província do Brasil pelo Geral da Companhia de Jesus, Cláudio Aquaviva, entre 1583 – 1585. Propôs-se analisar a situação encontrada pelo Visitador e Fernão Cardim, diante de um cenário que contava com problemas internos da Companhia de Jesus, como a falta de fervor missionário, utilização do trabalho escravo por meio de mão de obra dos índios e de negros da Guiné e problemas externos com o conflito entre colonos e jesuítas pela exploração do trabalho dos índios e administração temporal deles nas aldeias. Neste sentido, este trabalho mostra como o visitador Cristóvão de Gouveia solucionou os problemas na província, a partir da sua atuação efetiva em espaços importantes para o projeto missionário como, por exemplo, os aldeamentos, engenhos, colégios, com medidas que visavam proporcionar á realização da catequese e, sobretudo, empreender a colonização do Brasil, motivo pelo qual se justifica a participação intensa da Coroa Portuguesa em todo este processo missionário