Desde o início da década de setenta, a discussão a respeito das formas de organização e da efetividade das atividades didáticas pautadas nos princípios da aprendizagem cooperativa vem se destacando em vários países europeus e na América do Norte, entretanto no Brasil são ainda escassas as pesquisas dedicadas à temática, especialmente no ensino de Química.<br /> A aprendizagem cooperativa apresenta como característica chave a sua natureza social, pois os estudantes interagem e compartilham suas ideias melhorando sua compreensão individual e mútua. Nesse contexto, aplicamos uma atividade didática de caráter cooperativo (formato jigsaw), em disciplina de comunicação científica oferecida a graduandos em Química, na qual investigamos a dinâmica das interações estabelecidas entre os alunos, dentro dos seus respectivos grupos, a partir da análise das seguintes dimensões: funções da fala, processamento cognitivo e processamento social. Para tanto, nos baseamos no Modelo Analítico proposto por Kumpulainen e Mutanen. De forma complementar, analisamos as percepções dos alunos com relação à atividade.<br /> As interações foram realizadas apresentando como predominante o processamento social do tipo colaborativo e os alunos fizeram uso das funções de fala de forma igualitária. Estas foram também marcadas pela presença do processamento cognitivo exploratório, que somado ao uso de funções de fala do tipo críticas, indicam que a atividade foi rica em possibilidades cognitivas.<br /> Desta forma, as três dimensões analisadas sugerem que a atividade se mostrou efetiva, no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de condições para aprendizagem cooperativa com foco no desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais, sem, no entanto, comprometer o aprendizado de conteúdos da disciplina. As percepções dos alunos com relação à atividade indicaram a sua boa receptividade. Ademais, os alunos destacaram a importância da sua realização para uma melhor resolução dos problemas propostos. Assim, acreditamos que atividades cooperativas, especialmente aquelas no formato jigsaw, podem ser realizadas com sucesso no ensino superior de Química, sendo relevantes para a formação dos graduandos. / Since the beginning of the 70s, the discussion about ways of organization and effectiveness of learning activities based on cooperative learning has been growing in many European countries and in North America; however in Brazil, there is a dearth of studies on this topic, especially in chemistry teaching.<br /> One of the key characteristics of cooperative learning is social nature since students interact and share their ideas increasing their individual and mutual comprehension. In this context, we applied a didactic activity based on cooperative learning principles (jigsaw format) in a scientific communication course offered to undergraduate chemistry students. Based on the analytic framework proposed by Kumpulainen and Mutanen, we investigated the dynamic of interactions among the students within the groups focusing on the following dimensions: cognitive processing, social processing, and verbal interactions. We also analyzed the students\' perceptions related to this activity.<br /> The major cognitive processing observed was interpretative, whereas the social processing was collaborative, which indicate that the activity was rich of cognitive possibilities. Therefore, the dimensions analyzed suggest that the activity was effective in cooperative learning perspective without compromising the learning of the course contents.<br /> The students\' perceptions indicated the success of the activity. Moreover, the students highlighted its importance to solve the problems proposed. In sum, we believe that cooperative activities, especially in the jigsaw format, can be effectively used in undergraduate chemistry teaching.

Desde o início da década de setenta, a discussão a respeito das formas de organização e da efetividade das atividades didáticas pautadas nos princípios da aprendizagem cooperativa vem se destacando em vários países europeus e na América do Norte, entretanto no Brasil são ainda escassas as pesquisas dedicadas à temática, especialmente no ensino de Química.<br /> A aprendizagem cooperativa apresenta como característica chave a sua natureza social, pois os estudantes interagem e compartilham suas ideias melhorando sua compreensão individual e mútua. Nesse contexto, aplicamos uma atividade didática de caráter cooperativo (formato jigsaw), em disciplina de comunicação científica oferecida a graduandos em Química, na qual investigamos a dinâmica das interações estabelecidas entre os alunos, dentro dos seus respectivos grupos, a partir da análise das seguintes dimensões: funções da fala, processamento cognitivo e processamento social. Para tanto, nos baseamos no Modelo Analítico proposto por Kumpulainen e Mutanen. De forma complementar, analisamos as percepções dos alunos com relação à atividade.<br /> As interações foram realizadas apresentando como predominante o processamento social do tipo colaborativo e os alunos fizeram uso das funções de fala de forma igualitária. Estas foram também marcadas pela presença do processamento cognitivo exploratório, que somado ao uso de funções de fala do tipo críticas, indicam que a atividade foi rica em possibilidades cognitivas.<br /> Desta forma, as três dimensões analisadas sugerem que a atividade se mostrou efetiva, no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de condições para aprendizagem cooperativa com foco no desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais, sem, no entanto, comprometer o aprendizado de conteúdos da disciplina. As percepções dos alunos com relação à atividade indicaram a sua boa receptividade. Ademais, os alunos destacaram a importância da sua realização para uma melhor resolução dos problemas propostos. Assim, acreditamos que atividades cooperativas, especialmente aquelas no formato jigsaw, podem ser realizadas com sucesso no ensino superior de Química, sendo relevantes para a formação dos graduandos. / Since the beginning of the 70s, the discussion about ways of organization and effectiveness of learning activities based on cooperative learning has been growing in many European countries and in North America; however in Brazil, there is a dearth of studies on this topic, especially in chemistry teaching.<br /> One of the key characteristics of cooperative learning is social nature since students interact and share their ideas increasing their individual and mutual comprehension. In this context, we applied a didactic activity based on cooperative learning principles (jigsaw format) in a scientific communication course offered to undergraduate chemistry students. Based on the analytic framework proposed by Kumpulainen and Mutanen, we investigated the dynamic of interactions among the students within the groups focusing on the following dimensions: cognitive processing, social processing, and verbal interactions. We also analyzed the students\' perceptions related to this activity.<br /> The major cognitive processing observed was interpretative, whereas the social processing was collaborative, which indicate that the activity was rich of cognitive possibilities. Therefore, the dimensions analyzed suggest that the activity was effective in cooperative learning perspective without compromising the learning of the course contents.<br /> The students\' perceptions indicated the success of the activity. Moreover, the students highlighted its importance to solve the problems proposed. In sum, we believe that cooperative activities, especially in the jigsaw format, can be effectively used in undergraduate chemistry teaching.

Considerando a complexidade e a importância da discussão sobre atividades didáticas apoiadas em discussões em grupo, esta tese descreve atividades cooperativas (formato jigsaw) e colaborativas (formato Peer-Led Team Learning) realizadas no Curso de Bacharelado em Química do Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo. As atividades cooperativas foram aplicadas nas disciplinas Comunicação e Expressão em Linguagem Científica I e Introdução à Química e as atividades colaborativas nas disciplinas Introdução à Química e Cinética Química. A dinâmica das interações discursivas estabelecidas entre os alunos nos grupos cooperativos e colaborativos foi investigada com base no Modelo Analítico proposto por Kumpulainen e Mutanen, a partir da análise das seguintes dimensões: funções da fala, processamento cognitivo e processamento social. Nessa perspectiva, foi estudada a influência do grau de estruturação das atividades e a natureza específica das disciplinas na dinâmica das interações discursivas. Nos grupos cooperativos as características peculiares dos conteúdos ministrados nas duas disciplinas direcionam a forma como os alunos usam as funções de fala, o que influencia diretamente a segunda e a terceira dimensão de análise. Nestas dimensões o processamento social predominante foi do tipo colaborativo e o processamento cognitivo predominante foi do tipo rotineiro. Nos grupos colaborativos ficou evidenciado que, independentemente da natureza das duas disciplinas, o uso das funções de fala foi bastante semelhante. Entretanto, o mesmo não ocorre para as demais dimensões. No que se refere ao processamento cognitivo, este apresentou principalmente característica rotineira, embora com considerável contribuição do tipo off-task, que atrapalhou as ações de alguns grupos. Este contexto foi corroborado pelos resultados encontrados para o processamento social, que apresentou características individualistas em todos os grupos. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a possibilidade de adaptação de ambos os tipos de atividades a distintas disciplinas do Curso, assim como destacam ressalvas e oferecem sugestões quanto à aplicação das mesmas no Ensino Superior de Química. / Considering the complexity and the importance of discussing teaching activities in group discussions, this thesis describes cooperative (jigsaw) and collaborative activities (Peer-Led Team Learning) carried out in the BSc degree in Chemistry at the Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, the University of São Paulo, Brazil. The cooperative activities were used in the courses Communication and Expression in Scientific Language I and Introduction to Chemistry. The collaborative activities were used in the courses Introduction to Chemistry and Chemical Kinetics. The dynamics of discursive interactions established among students in the cooperative and collaborative groups was investigated based on the Analytical Model proposed by Kumpulainen and Mutanen, by analysing the following: functions of speech, cognitive processing and social processing. In this perspective, the influence of the level of structure of the activities was studied and the specific nature of the subjects in the dynamics of discursive interactions. In cooperative groups, the particular characteristics of the content taught in both courses show how students use functions of speech, which directly influence the second and third dimension of analysis. In these dimensions, the prevailing social process was collaborative and the predominant cognitive processing was routine. In collaborative groups, it was clear that regardless of the nature of the two courses, using functions of speech was quite similar. However, this is not true for the other dimensions. Regarding cognitive processing, it mainly showed the routine characteristic, although considerably contributing to off-task, which impaired some groups\' actions. This context was corroborated by the results found for social processing, which showed individualist characteristics in all groups. The results obtained point to the possibility of adapting both types of activities in different courses on the Program, as well as highlighting exceptions and offering suggestions concerning using them in Higher Education Chemistry courses.

Considerando a complexidade e a importância da discussão sobre atividades didáticas apoiadas em discussões em grupo, esta tese descreve atividades cooperativas (formato jigsaw) e colaborativas (formato Peer-Led Team Learning) realizadas no Curso de Bacharelado em Química do Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo. As atividades cooperativas foram aplicadas nas disciplinas Comunicação e Expressão em Linguagem Científica I e Introdução à Química e as atividades colaborativas nas disciplinas Introdução à Química e Cinética Química. A dinâmica das interações discursivas estabelecidas entre os alunos nos grupos cooperativos e colaborativos foi investigada com base no Modelo Analítico proposto por Kumpulainen e Mutanen, a partir da análise das seguintes dimensões: funções da fala, processamento cognitivo e processamento social. Nessa perspectiva, foi estudada a influência do grau de estruturação das atividades e a natureza específica das disciplinas na dinâmica das interações discursivas. Nos grupos cooperativos as características peculiares dos conteúdos ministrados nas duas disciplinas direcionam a forma como os alunos usam as funções de fala, o que influencia diretamente a segunda e a terceira dimensão de análise. Nestas dimensões o processamento social predominante foi do tipo colaborativo e o processamento cognitivo predominante foi do tipo rotineiro. Nos grupos colaborativos ficou evidenciado que, independentemente da natureza das duas disciplinas, o uso das funções de fala foi bastante semelhante. Entretanto, o mesmo não ocorre para as demais dimensões. No que se refere ao processamento cognitivo, este apresentou principalmente característica rotineira, embora com considerável contribuição do tipo off-task, que atrapalhou as ações de alguns grupos. Este contexto foi corroborado pelos resultados encontrados para o processamento social, que apresentou características individualistas em todos os grupos. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a possibilidade de adaptação de ambos os tipos de atividades a distintas disciplinas do Curso, assim como destacam ressalvas e oferecem sugestões quanto à aplicação das mesmas no Ensino Superior de Química. / Considering the complexity and the importance of discussing teaching activities in group discussions, this thesis describes cooperative (jigsaw) and collaborative activities (Peer-Led Team Learning) carried out in the BSc degree in Chemistry at the Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, the University of São Paulo, Brazil. The cooperative activities were used in the courses Communication and Expression in Scientific Language I and Introduction to Chemistry. The collaborative activities were used in the courses Introduction to Chemistry and Chemical Kinetics. The dynamics of discursive interactions established among students in the cooperative and collaborative groups was investigated based on the Analytical Model proposed by Kumpulainen and Mutanen, by analysing the following: functions of speech, cognitive processing and social processing. In this perspective, the influence of the level of structure of the activities was studied and the specific nature of the subjects in the dynamics of discursive interactions. In cooperative groups, the particular characteristics of the content taught in both courses show how students use functions of speech, which directly influence the second and third dimension of analysis. In these dimensions, the prevailing social process was collaborative and the predominant cognitive processing was routine. In collaborative groups, it was clear that regardless of the nature of the two courses, using functions of speech was quite similar. However, this is not true for the other dimensions. Regarding cognitive processing, it mainly showed the routine characteristic, although considerably contributing to off-task, which impaired some groups\' actions. This context was corroborated by the results found for social processing, which showed individualist characteristics in all groups. The results obtained point to the possibility of adapting both types of activities in different courses on the Program, as well as highlighting exceptions and offering suggestions concerning using them in Higher Education Chemistry courses.

Thesis (M. Ed. (Science Education)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of Jigsaw Method on Grade 12 learner’s performance in reaction rates in Maleboho Central circuit as one of the improvement strategies. A quasi-experimental design with the Experimental Group (EG) and the Control Group (CG) was utilised to determine the effect of the Jigsaw Method on learners’ performance as compared to the chalk-and-talk approach. The population of the study was made up of 315 Physical Science learners from ten schools that offer Physical Science in Maleboho Central Circuit. Two poorest performing schools from the same circuit were selected purposively from the population. One class at School A and another at School B were selected randomly as EG and CG, respectively. The sample consisted of 21 learners from school A (EG) and 23 learners from school B (CG). An achievement test with 21 open-ended questions was used as a pre-test as well as a post-test. Data from the tests were analysed using descriptive statistics. In the experimental group, the findings indicated that there was a significant difference between pre-test scores and posttest scores with p=.022. According to the results from Cohen’s d (-0.94), the gain was large in EG as evidenced by the effect size (-0.95). The results of the t-test (t= 9.54, p=0.00) indicated that there was a statistical significance between the posttests of EG and CG. Data analysed through ANCOVA (p=0.00) revealed that the Jigsaw Method was more effective than the traditional chalk-and-talk approach. Employing the Jigsaw Method in the Science classroom can help teachers to promote learners’ participation and hence to improve their academic performance.

Esta pesquisa intitulada âO Ensino de EletroquÃmica no Ensino MÃdio por InvestigaÃÃo: uma abordagem à luz da Aprendizagem Cooperativaâ tem o como objetivo geral analisar a validade do uso da estratÃgia didÃtica do ensino por investigaÃÃo amparada na aprendizagem cooperativa usando o mÃtodo de Jigsaw, aplicada ao ensino de EletroquÃmica no ensino mÃdio com vistas a melhoria a aprendizagem. Nesse contexto, entende-se que o ensino e a aprendizagem em quÃmica se revelam um desafio nos dias atuais, por conta da demanda de um ensino que esteja ancorado no cotidiano dos alunos, reclamando uma abordagem significativa que potencialize a apreensÃo do conteÃdo e a reflexÃo crÃtica acerca dos saberes em trÃnsito na mediaÃÃo didÃtica. A questÃo norteadora da pesquisa foi baseada no uso de metodologias de ensino investigativo-cooperativo, logo a metodologia desenvolvida realizou-se por questionÃrio fechado e o pÃblico-alvo foram vinte e cinco (25) alunos da 3 sÃrie do ensino mÃdio da escola pÃblica Raimundo Viana Pinto, localizada no Estado do ParÃ. O trabalhou chegou a conclusÃo que quando problematizado em contexto cooperativo de aprendizagem poderà possibilitar a promoÃÃo do conhecimento, estimulando a criaÃÃo da cultura investigativa e da atividade interativa. AlÃm disso, a estratÃgia didÃtica aplicada teve boa receptividade pelos alunos que desenvolveram atitudes proativas, responsÃveis e autÃnomas no processo de aprendizagem, estimulando o trabalho em grupo e o desenvolvimento da autonomia, despertando nos alunos os valores de integraÃÃo social e responsabilidade, condiÃÃo indispensÃvel para a formaÃÃo de um cidadÃo capaz de atuar criticamente na vida social. / This research, entitled âThe Investigating teaching of Electrochemistry on High Schoolgating: an approach regarding collaborative learningâ has as main aim to analyze the validly of the cooperative didactic strategy using the Jigsaw method, applied to high school aimed at learning improvement. In this context, we understand that nowadays the teaching and learning of chemistry reveals as a big challenge, by demanding a process which the studentâs everyday should be anchored in, claiming for a significant approach that increases the seizure of the contents and stimulation of critical thinking among the current knowledges on the didactic mediation. The main question of the research was based on the use of investigative-cooperative teaching methodologies, therefore, the developed methodology was done by direct survey and the research target were (25) students on the last year of high school (in Brazilian patterns, third degree) on the Public School Raimundo Viana Pinto, located on the state of ParÃ. The research has concluded that when the method is questioned in a cooperative learning context, the stimulation of investigation culture and interactively contact is increased. Besides that, the didactic strategy applied had a great interest with the students, improving study groups, autonomy development, awaking among them values of social integration and responsibility, special condition to form a critical citizen within his/her life in society.

There is no abstract available for this thesis.

Thesis (M.S. in Psychology)--Vanderbilt University, Aug. 2005. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

The cooperative learning method, Jigsaw II, was implemented in a grade four social studies class for the purpose of examining the verbal interactions among students as they learned from each other. Jigsaw II is structured to enhance cooperation because each student has exclusive information that is needed by other group members to do well on a test. It was hypothesized that the more capable students in a heterogeneous learning group would help the less capable ones learn the material. As the lower ability students gained proficiency in teaching their information, the variance in the rates of speaking would be less at the end of the implementation of Jigsaw II than at the beginning. This did not happen. There was homogeneity of variance between the rates of speaking at the beginning and the end. The rate of positive verbalizations (learning the information and group functioning) was over 80% at the beginning and increased slightly during the implementation of Jigsaw II, but was not statistically significant. There was large variability in the rates of verbalizations among students, as well as large variability in rates of speaking for individuals across different learning group sessions. Any trends in changes of rates of speaking were obscured by the high variability. The verbalization rate of the high ability students doubled, the rate of the middle ability increased 32% and the rate of low ability students remained unchanged. On five quizzes administered over the learning unit, the high ability student attained the highest quiz scores, but the low ability students performed as well as the middle ability students.

Shape is very essential for detecting and recognizing objects. It is robust to illumination, color changes. Human can recognize objects just based on shapes, thus shape based object detection and recognition methods have been popular in many years. Due to problem of segmentation, some researchers have worked on silhouettes instead of real images. The main problem in this area is object recognition and the difficulty is to handle shapes articulation and distortion. Previous methods mainly focus on one to one shape similarity measurement, which ignores context information between shapes. Instead, we utilize graph-transduction methods to reveal the intrinsic relation between shapes on 'shape manifold'. Our methods consider the context information in the dataset, which improves the performance a lot. To better describe the manifold structure, we also propose a novel method to add synthetic data points for densifying data manifold. The experimental results have shown the advantage of the algorithm. Moreover, a novel diffusion process on Tensor Product Graph is carried out for learning better affinities between data. This is also used for shape retrieval, which reaches the best ever results on MPEG-7 dataset. As shapes are important and helpful for object detection and recognition in real images, a lot of methods have used shapes to detect and recognize objects. There are two important parts for shape based methods, model construction and object detection, recognition. Most of the current methods are based on hand selected models, which is helpful but not extendable. To solve this problem, we propose to construct model by shape matching between some silhouettes and one hand decomposed silhouette. This weakly supervised method can be used not only learn the models in one object class, but also transfer the structure knowledge to other classes, which has the similar structure with the hand decomposed silhouette. The other problem is detecting and recognizing objects. A lot of methods search the images by sliding window to detect objects, which can find the global solution but with high complexity. Instead, we use sampling methods to reduce the complexity. The method we utilized is particle filter, which is popular in robot mapping and localization. We modified the standard particle filter to make it suitable for static observations and it is very helpful for object detection. Moreover, The usage of particle filter is extended for solving the jigsaw puzzle problem, where puzzle pieces are square image patches. The proposed method is able to reach much better results than the method with Loopy Belief Propagation. / Computer and Information Science