Background: Sexuality is an important aspect of quality of life for adolescent and young adults that remains understudied in cancer patients. Most current knowledge about how cancer and cancer treatments can affect patients’ sexuality pertains to reproductive cancer patients (breast, gynecological, male reproductive organs), whereas only little is known about how the disease affects the sex lives of patients with other types of cancer. This study examined sexual satisfaction and sexual supportive care needs among adolescent and young adult cancer patients, with a particular focus on how the type of cancer a person has is associated with these issues differently. Methods: Five hundred seventy-seven (n = 424 females, 73.5%) patients between 18 and 39 years of age at diagnosis and representing all major tumor entities completed the standardized questionnaire. The analysis addressed the following topics: sexual satisfaction (Life Satisfaction Questionnaire), sexual supportive care needs (Supportive Care Needs Survey), and changes in sexuality (Questions on Life Satisfaction Modules). These topics were tested by mean differences between reproductive and non-reproductive cancer, equivalence testing and regression analyses. Results: About one third of the patients reported being dissatisfied with their sexuality and having supportive care needs in this area. Changes in sexuality were significantly more common in women with reproductive cancers than in those who had other types of cancer (t = − 2.693, p = .007), while both groups had equivalence in scores for sexual satisfaction and sexual supportive care needs. Reproductive cancers are not more associated with deterioration of sexual satisfaction (R2 = .002, p = .243), changes in sexuality (R2 = .006, p = .070) or increased sexual supportive care needs than non-reproductive cancers (R2 = .004, p = .131). Conclusions: The results indicate that about a third of adolescents and young adults with both reproductive but also with non-reproductive cancer experience sexual dissatisfaction in similar measure. An equal percentage of these patients also express a desire to receive supportive care in this area. Consequently, health care professionals should address issues of sexuality and cancer as a matter of routine when caring for young adults even when patients have a non-reproductive cancer.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 2. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 3 3. Einleitung 4 3.1 Sexualität im jungen Erwachsenenalter 4 3.2 Tumorerkrankungen im jungen Erwachsenenalter 5 3.3 Auswirkungen von Tumorerkrankungen auf die Sexualität 7 3.4 Erfassung von Aspekten der Sexualität 9 3.5 Forschungsstand zur Thematik Sexualität nach einer Tumorerkrankung im jungen Erwachsenenalter 12 3.6 Forschungsfragen 13 4. Publikation 15 5. Zusammenfassung 28 5.1 Einführung 28 5.2 Methodik 29 5.3 Ergebnisse 30 5.4 Diskussion 31 6. Literaturverzeichnis 33 7. Anlagen 7.1 Spezifizierung des eigenen Beitrags 39 7.2 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 40 7.3 Danksagung 41 7.4 Lebenslauf 42 7.5 Verzeichnis der wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge 43