With the rapid growth of Internet-of-Things (IoT), billions of devices are expected to be interconnected to provide various services appealing to users. Many devices will get an access to valuable information which is likely to increase the number of malicious attacks on these devices in the future. Therefore, security is considered as one of the most critical challenges in the development of IoT. In order to secure resource-constrained devices such as sensors or radio frequency identification (RFID) tags which form the backbone of IoT, lightweight cryptographic algorithms are required. This thesis focuses on the problem of message authentication. To authenticate a message means to verify that the message: (1) comes from the right sender (i.e. its authenticity), and (2) has not been modified (i.e. its integrity). It is challenging to use traditional message authentication methods in resource-constrained devices because typically they can allocate only a few hundred gates for implementing security due to their limited computing, storage and energy resources. To address these needs, a new message authentication algorithm based on a Cryptographic Cyclic Redundancy Check (C-CRC) was developed by KTH in collaboration with Ericsson. In this thesis, we implemented C-CRC and compared it with KECCAK Message Authentication Code (KMAC) standardized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2016. First, MATLAB and Verilog versions were developed for both algorithms. The comparison of these two versions allowed us to verify the correctness of algorithms functionality. After that, the Verilog descriptions were simulated in ModelSim and synthesized using Synopsys design compiler. Finally, placement and routing was performed using Cadence SoC Encounter. The evaluation results show that C-CRC outperforms KMAC in terms of area, power, throughput per area, and energy per bit. However, C-CRC is worse than KMAC in terms of latency. We have also investigated several different options of implementing C-CRC, including producing more than one bit of output per clock cycle. We found that such a technique improves throughput of C-CRC with the minimal penalty in area and power consumption

Today’s rail industry is under great demand. People will use trains even more in the future. Rail industry has to develop and integrate new systems towards a secure transportation system. One of these steps is investigated in this master thesis. Until now, many sensitive and vital data were transferred by using old methods like USB storage devices. In this master thesis, a new and secure way to store authentication keys in a central database is described as well as a secure way of communication between this database and the RBC entities. Different technologies are used and have as result the proposed goal. The creation of a database with PHP and the implementation of a server-client communication using TLS and HTTPS are described in this project. Improvements and future development of the project are discussed at the end. / Det råder hög efterfrågan på dagens järnvägsindustri. I framtiden kommer ännu fler människor åka med tåg. Järnvägsindustrin måste utvecklas och skapa nya system för att uppnå säkra transportsystem. I denna avhandling kommer detta behandlas. Fram till idag har många känsliga och viktiga data överförts med gamla metoder såsom USB-stickor. I denna masteravhandling beskrivs ett säkert sätt att lagra autentiseringsnycklar i en central databas och även ett säkert sätt att kommunicera mellan denna databas och RBC-enheterna. Olika tekniker har använts med det uppsatta målet som resultat. Upprättandet av en PHP-databas och klient-serverkommunikation med TLS och HTTPS beskrivs i detta projekt. Förbättringar och framtida utveckling av projektet diskuteras i slutet.

The purpose of this study was to determine teachers’ perceptions of the relationship of the Katy Management of Automated Curriculum (KMAC) system developed by Katy ISD in Katy, Texas, on planning for learning, delivery of instruction and evaluation of student learning in the classroom. KMAC is a customized, proprietary networked technology curriculum management system created for online access to curriculum and the creation and sharing of lesson plans. Data was collected from 635 teachers district-wide through an online survey. This data was used to determine whether there were differences between/among teachers and teacher leaders and between/among elementary, junior high and high school teachers in their perceived impact of the KMAC on planning for learning, delivery of instruction and evaluation of student learning. Regarding planning for learning, teachers were found to have a moderately positive perception of KMAC with teacher leaders being slightly more positive. In addition, statistically significant differences were found between grade levels with elementary teachers more positive than secondary teachers. Regarding delivery of instruction, teacher leaders again perceived a more positive relationship with KMAC than the teacher non-leaders. Statistically significant differences were also found between elementary and junior high, elementary and high school and between junior high and high school teachers, with elementary teachers being the most positive. Teachers were the least positive toward KMAC and the evaluation of student learning. While a statistically significant relationship was found in relationship to the grade level taught and evaluation, this area was admittedly weaker than the other two areas in district development and teachers’ perceptions. While the position of teacher leader seemed to impact the results in all categories, the grade level taught was found to have the greatest statistical impact on the teacher perceptions.