¡@¡@The main objectives of this study is to: (1) understand the recruitment pattern and mechanisms of fish larvae in the kenting waters, such as seasonal variation, distance from shoreline, depth, and diurnal migration of the assemblages of larvae fish. The correlation of the tempo-spatial variations of larval fish communities with temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll were also investigated; (2) to apply DNA barcode technique to identify fish larvae to lower taxonomic categories so as to reveal the temporal or spatial variation of the community structure of fish larvae that was unclear if the identification could only up to higher level. Additionally, DNA barcoding can help us to compile the diagnostic keys for larval fish species identifications. ¡@¡@For fish larval communities studies, fish larvae were collected from four seasons and two different depths during 2001-2002, and every two hours in a day during 10-11 April 2004 by the standard ORI net in Kenting. 527 specimens belonging to 86 taxa and 51 families of fish larvae were collected during 2001-2002. Randomization tests show significant differences between fish larval abundance vs. depths, and the number of families vs. seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) shows that temperature and salinity were the main environmental factors, and chlorophyll was the second. 158 specimens belonging to 44 taxa and 34 families of fish larvae were collected during 24 hour survey. The abundance and diversity of fish larvae increase after sunset, and reach to their climax in the midnight. ¡@¡@For COI species identification, 1,505 of the post-flexion stage fish larvae specimens belong to 44 taxa and 34 families were collected by the four-time surveys of light trap in Kenting coral reef area during 2005-2007. Fifteen types of damaselfish larvae and five types of butterflyfish larvae were identified based on their morphological characters. The COI were used to identify the morphological types of damselfishes and butterflyfishes to species level. Fifteen morphological types of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) can be identified to 11 species and three genera. Five morphological types of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) can be assigned to four species and one genus. After COI identification to the lower taxonomic levels, the ordination analysis can clearly reveal the seasonal variation. The result shows that applying DNA barcode technique to identify fish larvae to lower taxonomic categories indeed can reveal temporal or spatial variation of the community structure of fish larvae.

For the purpose to understand the diversity, distribution and abundance of faunas, and to determine the variables that would influence the faunal diversity in caves and tunnels, observations and records had been made during September 1999 to June 2000 in Kenting area, the southern tip of Taiwan. A total number of 19 caves and 2 tunnels were studied. Among them, 4 caves are located in the forest recreation area, 15 caves in the natural preserved area, 1 tunnel in Guanshan village and another tunnel in Mt. Dayuan area. All the faunal species included 3 species of Malacostraca, 2 species of Arachnida, 2 species of Chilopoda, 3 species of Insecta, 3 species of Amphibia, 3 species of Reptilia and 7 species of Mammalia. Among these fauna species, the crickets (Ceuthophilus maculatus), the spiders (Heteropoda venatoria) and the ants (Polyrhachis sp.) had a widely distribution and are the most common species in caves and tunnels. Among all the continuous structural variables of caves and tunnels, the entrance height (r=-0.47) and the entrance area (r=-0.48) had a negative correlation with Shannon-Wiener¡¦s diversity (p<0.05). On the other hand, the total length (r=0.48) and the length of dark zone (r=0.52) had a positive correlation with diversity (p<0.05). In addition, the height of the dark zone had a negative correlation (r=-0.53, p<0.05) with evenness. Among the categorical descriptive variables, human disturbance and multiple chambers had a significant difference with Shannon-Wiener¡¦s diversity (P<0.05). The caves or tunnels visited by people from 2 to 4 times per month had the highest values of diversity, and the caves or tunnels visited by people more than 4 times per month had the lowest values of diversity. In addition, the values of diversity in caves and tunnels with multiple chambers were higher than the ones in caves and tunnels without multiple chambers.

Abstract Kenting National Park is the only national park in Taiwan related to the ocean. There are abundant marine resources, such as diverse coral species, which attracted many kinds of fishes. This coral reef ecosystem is well-known to it¡¦s high productivity, and high recreational value. It attracts millions of tourists every year. For the goal of sustainable development, the coast zone of Nanwan should be managed based on integrated perspectives. System dynamics is an approach that is used to describe, explore and analyze the procedure, information and the boundary of organizations in complex systems. Through the process of quantitative model simulation and analysis, we could understand the structure and behavior of a system. Such model is good for solving dynamic complex problems with non-linearity, causal circulation, information feedback and time-delay. The coastal zone management in Nanwan involves four intricate components, including the tourism, environment, ecosystem and the management, the complexity of the system has made it suitable to be solved by a system dynamic model. The model was built as a decision support system. According to the nature of the problem, the SD model was divided into four subsystems: social-economic subsystem, environment subsystem, biologic subsystem and management subsystem. To function as a decision support system, a user-interface was built, to allow user interact with the model, alter parameters and run simulates. The result of the simulation can provide good supporting imformation for decision makers. Four vital variables regarding the management scenarios, in cluding land development, wastewater treatment, fishing restriction, and surcharge fare, are presented to users in the user-interface. Users can adjust those variables and run a simulation to evaluate the impact under different configuration. Based on the current research, some preliminary results were found, such as this area is not suitable for heavy land development, meanwhile, adding wastewater treatment facility, restricting fishing activities, and implementing tourist charge, are useful to mitigate the human impact. As for design and enforcement of management policies it would rely on the experience and ability of the decision maker.

Abstract There are three marine protected or conservation areas (MPA or MCA) at Southern Taiwan that are enriched with marine resources. These sites are assigned by the order of government administration. The Kenting National Park was first established in 1984. In 1987, the Executive Yuan also passed two more coastal sites, Jien-sen and Jiou-peng, as marine protected areas. The government has adopted the strategy and policy on the marine coastal sites but it has lack of clarity on the administration and authority to manage the site since their establishment. The local residences also are not pleased with the site selection for setting up the marine protected area because of the problems of economic need and their livelihood influences from the protected site restrictions. These have caused the inefficiency of implementation on the management of the marine protected sites to protect and conserve the marine resources.The present studies research to understand both the Houbihood pilot protected site in Kenting National Park and the Jen-sen coastal protected area for a better operation mechanism with regard to managing the conservation sites. The research employs the literature search, interview to local residences and scientists to obtain information about the operation and management of marine protected site. These include the issues of site establishment, zoning and process, law requirement and implementation, public inquiry and participation, committee organization and site management. The obtained survey results were made to compare with the successful management scheme and organization of the Basin Head marine conservation site, Prince Edward Island Province of Canada. The Basin Head Conservation Committee serves a good example for setting up marine conservation areas in Southern Taiwan. The establishment of marine protected area requires background data information including the law and policy, organization structure, manpower and resources for the justification of implementation and its operation in order to achieving the protection and conservation at the marine environment. The present studies report that the government administration must have a unique guidelines and criteria for the national use as well the local application. The government shall draw a long term planning and strategy for law enforcement and practical cooperation scheme between the government, local organization including non-government organization and the assistance of Taiwan Coastguard Administration. The fundamental issues include the survey and collection of background data for the environmental and ecological data information at the marine protected site.

This study investigated the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and illicit drugs in western Hengchun peninsula and Kenting coastal tourist area in Taiwan. We used solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to determine 22 PPCPs and 10 illicit drugs in water samples. The detected concentrations of PPCPs and illicit drugs ranged from below detection limit to 9350 ng/L, and the most frequently five detected compounds in this area were ampicillin (79%), codeine (63%), caffeine (62%), carbamazepine (61%) and pseudoephedrine (57%). The impact of the special event- Kenting music festival, such as ¡§spring scream¡¨ was also discussed in this study, and the results from PCA and HCA both showed that the concentrations and distributions of PPCPs and illicit drugs were affected by the tourists. In addition, two wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs) were also investigated for seven days during Kenting music festival period. The results indicated that WWTPs did not show enough removal efficiencies in Kenting tourist area during the special event. The impact of the PPCPs and illicit drugs to the aquatic environment and ecology still needs to be further monitored.