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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Durante a realizaÃÃo de transplantes renais e outras operaÃÃes sobre os rins ocorrem os fenÃmenos de isquemia/reperfusÃo cujos efeitos nocivos colocam em risco o sucesso dessas intervenÃÃes. Pesquisas tÃm sido feitas no sentido de controlar, ou ao menos diminuir, os efeitos indesejÃveis da isquemia/reperfusÃo. O objetivo desse estudo à avaliar o possÃvel efeito da l-alanil-glutamina sobre a isquemia/reperfusÃo renal mediante a determinaÃÃo, in vivo, das concentraÃÃes de glicose, piruvato, lactato e corpos cetÃnicos no sangue e no tecido renal submetido a isquemia/reperfusÃo. Isquemia de 30 min. foi induzida em dois grupos de animais de experimentaÃÃo (ratos Wistar). Em seguida, foram determinadas as alteraÃÃes ocorridas no tempo pÃs-reperfusÃo (0 min., 5mi., 15 min., 30 min.) nas concentraÃÃes sangÃÃneas e renais de glicose, piruvato, lactato e corpos cetÃnicos. Um grupo de 24 animais (6 para cada tempo) foi previamente tratado com l-alanil-glutamina administrada por via venosa e na dose de 0,75g /kg de peso. Em grupo controle com igual nÃmero de animais administrou-se, tambÃm por via venosa, o mesmo volume de soluÃÃo salina. Os resultados apontam para aumento significante na concentraÃÃo sangÃÃnea de lactato nos animais que receberam l-alanil-glutamina, logo apÃs a isquemia (tempo 0 min.) e em todos os tempos apÃs a reperfusÃo. NÃo foram constatadas alteraÃÃes significantes nas concentraÃÃes de piruvato e de glicose. No entanto, foi observada reduÃÃo significante na concentraÃÃo de corpos cetÃnicos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem aumento da atividade glicolÃtica durante o perÃodo de reperfusÃo decorrente da oferta exÃgena de l-alanil-glutamina. Tal fato deve-se, provavelmente, à ativaÃÃo do sistema carreador malato-aspartato, em razÃo da oferta de glutamato, atravÃs de seu precursor l-glutamina. / Renal tranplantation and other operations give rise to kidney ischemia/ reperfusion injuries that may interfere with the final outcome. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of l-alanil-glutamine pre-treatment in rats subjected to renal ischemia/reperfusion. Twenty -four rats were distributed in 4 subgroups of 6 animals. Half an hour following administation of l-alanil-glutamine (0,75 g/Kg) animals were subjected to kidney ischemia during 30 minutes. Kidney arterial blood samples were collected at the end of the ischemia and 5,15 and 30 minutes later. Glucose pyruvate lactate and cetonic bodies in vivo concentrations were determined in all samples. A second group of 24 animals received i.v.saline solution pre-treatment half an hour prior to the experiment. Laboratory analysis revealed a significant increase in blood concentration of lactate in l-alanil âglutamine group and during reperfusion. The offer of l-alanil-glutamine cause no significant change on concentration of glucose and pyruvate. On the other hand it did induce to significant reduction of cetonemia in the animal group treated with l-alanil-glutamine as compared to that observed in animals from control group. It is concluded that l-alanil âglutamine pre â treatment may enhance glycolysis during ischemia-reperfusion. Activation of malate-aspartate shuttle in glucose oxidative pathway due to increase availabitity of glutamate can explain these changes.

The expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) is linked to pathophysiological changes in diseases, including cancer, such that MCTs could potentially serve as diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets. We recently developed [18F]FACH as a radiotracer for non-invasive molecular imaging of MCTs by positron emission tomography (PET). The aim of this study was to evaluate further the specificity, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics of [18F]FACH in healthy mice and piglets. We measured the [18F]FACH plasma protein binding fractions in mice and piglets and the specific binding in cryosections of murine kidney and lung. The biodistribution of [18F]FACH was evaluated by tissue sampling ex vivo and by dynamic PET/MRI in vivo, with and without pre-treatment by the MCT inhibitor α-CCA-Na or the reference compound, FACH-Na. Additionally, we performed compartmental modelling of the PET signal in kidney cortex and liver. Saturation binding studies in kidney cortex cryosections indicated a KD of 118 ± 12 nM and Bmax of 6.0 pmol/mg wet weight. The specificity of [18F]FACH uptake in the kidney cortex was confirmed in vivo by reductions in AUC0-60min after pre-treatment with α-CCA-Na in mice (-47%) and in piglets (-66%). [18F]FACH was metabolically stable in mouse, but polar radio-metabolites were present in plasma and tissues of piglets. The [18F]FACH binding potential (BPND) in the kidney cortex was approximately 1.3 in mice. The MCT1 specificity of [18F]FACH uptake was confirmed by displacement studies in 4T1 cells. [18F]FACH has suitable properties for the detection of the MCTs in kidney, and thus has potential as a molecular imaging tool for MCT-related pathologies, which should next be assessed in relevant disease models.

Modulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is of great interest for its therapeutic relevance in several pathophysiological processes. The CB2 subtype is largely localized to immune effectors, including microglia within the central nervous system, where it promotes anti-inflammation. Recently, a rational drug design toward precise modulation of the CB2 active site revealed the novelty of Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines tricyclic chemotype with a high conformational similarity in comparison to the existing leads. These compounds are structurally unique, confirming their chemotype novelty. In our continuing search for new chemotypes as selective CB2 regulatory molecules, following SAR approaches, a total of 17 selected (S,E)-11-[2-(arylmethylene)hydrazono]-PBD analogs were synthesized and tested for their ability to bind to the CB1 and CB2 receptor orthosteric sites. A competitive [H]CP-55,940 binding screen revealed five compounds that exhibited >60% displacement at 10 μM concentration. Further concentration-response analysis revealed two compounds, and , as potent and selective CB2 ligands with sub-micromolar activities ( = 146 nM and 137 nM, respectively). In order to support the potential efficacy and safety of the analogs, the oral and intravenous pharmacokinetic properties of compound were sought. Compound was orally bioavailable, reaching maximum brain concentrations of 602 ± 162 ng/g (p.o.) with an elimination half-life of 22.9 ± 3.73 h. Whether administered via the oral or intravenous route, the elimination half-lives ranged between 9.3 and 16.7 h in the liver and kidneys. These compounds represent novel chemotypes, which can be further optimized for improved affinity and selectivity toward the CB2 receptor.