Title: Muscle activity analysis during the violoncello play Objectives: This thesis focuses on analysing and comparing specific back muscles of a bowing violoncellist. The findings can help understanding pathologic mechanisms and back pain caused by violoncello playing. It may be useful in choosing suitable preventive compensatory exercise as well and for future research. Eventually, the analysis could be applied in playing ergonomics and designing a proper seat. The thesis also aims on evaluating suitability of the chosen measuring method in this branch. Methods: The theoretical part reviews contemporary knowledge about musculoskeletal system disorders linked with violoncello playing. The practical part aims on evaluating data obtained from 3D kinematic analysis and surface EMG of specific back muscles of professional violoncello player during playing. Several conditions are assessed. Results: The experiment has shown that when playing a violoncello there is an asymmetric loading of the back muscles. Loading of specific muscles has is affected by way of bowing, string location and the seat. The experiment was done on a single proband, so these conclusions may not be generally valid. Keywords: violoncello playing, musicians, surface electromyography, 3d kinematic analysis, violoncellists' diseases,...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:18:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DM LUCAS.pdf: 3465036 bytes, checksum: 8f3ffb1c56acebb8a4d9a43cdb6113d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-09 / Currently, the increasing demand for great workmanships in Brazil, had become an impediment for the development of Brazil. The Geotechnical Engineering is considered an essential tool, in great workmanships (hydroelectric power plants, subways, tunnels, etc.) supplying technical support for design and construction. In this context, the underground excavations in rock have increased too much. This work presents a study of the behavior of the closer of an underground excavation in rock, where it was considered as case study, Simplício hydroelectric power plant, located in the Paranaíba do Sul river, in frontiers of the States of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. By means of laboratory tests with samples of intact rock and survey mapping of discontinuities, was characterizes the rock mass. Establishing the principal geomechanic parameters and estimating the in-situ stress state of the rock mass, then was chose the geomechanical model and made a numerical simulation of the excavation process tunnel help downstream of tunnel 3. For the tunnel study was conducted a numerical axial analysis symmetry of the relaxation of the excavated mass on the distance from the face of excavation, to determine the moment of installation and simulate a support of the tunnel closer. For the carried out simulation, the rock mass behaved only in the elastic range, finding closer the results of the simulation, the results on the field by monitoring the tunnel. It was observed that for the degree of alteration of the studied mass, the rupture could occur for the rock as well for the discontinuities, depending on the wedges formed for the discontinuities families and the support type applied in the rock mass / Atualmente, a crescente demanda por grandes obras no Brasil, tem se tornado um gargalo para o desenvolvimento. A Geotecnia se coloca como uma ferramenta essencial, em obras de infra-estrutura (usinas hidrelétricas, metrôs, túneis etc.); fornecendo suporte técnico para projetos e execução de obras. Neste contexto, as escavações subterrâneas em rocha têm aumentado muito na última década. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo do comportamento da convergência de uma escavação subterrânea em rocha, onde foi considerado como estudo de caso, a Usina Hidroelétrica (UHE) de Simplício/Anta, localizada no Rio Paraíba do Sul, na divisa entre os Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Por meio de ensaios em laboratório com amostras de rocha intacta, levantamento estrutural da rocha, e resultado de ensaios em campo foi caracterizado o maciço rochoso. Determinados os principais parâmetros geomecânicos e estimado o estado das tensões originais da rocha, foi então escolhido o modelo geomecânico e realizado a simulação numérica do processo de escavação do túnel auxiliar de jusante do túnel 3 (TAJ TN3). Para o túnel estudado foi realizado uma analise numérica axissimetrica da relaxação do maciço escavado em relação a distância da face de escavação, para determinação do momento da instalação do suporte e simulação bidimensional da convergência do túnel. Para a simulação realizada o maciço comportou-se apenas na faixa elástica, aproximando os resultados obtidos pela simulação, dos resultados em campo através do monitoramento da convergência. Foi observado que para o grau de alteração do maciço estudado, os modos de ruptura, podem ser tanto pela rocha quanto pelas descontinuidades, dependendo das cunhas formadas pelas famílias de descontinuidades e pelo tipo de suporte aplicado no maciço rochoso

Title: Motion analysis of lower extermity during squatting Aims: The aim of the thesis is to compare the squat without and with external load in a group of people who work under professional guidance and have experience with this movement, contrary to the people of the common population. Another objective will be the compasion this movement among men and women of the common population. In the theoretical part, the main objective is to describe the basic characteristic of the squat, describe the kinesiological and biomechanical findings and the risks of this movement on the locomotive apparatus. The experimental part will focus on the observation of the determined kinematic parameters of squats and their comparison in the mentioned set of persons. The results of the work should clarify the possible side effects of the squat. Methods: Kinematic analysis will be performed using Qualisys instrumentation. Infrared cameras accurately record and further perform a motion action through passive or active reflection markers. Data from the device will be processed in Microsoft Office Excel software and further evaluated statistically. Results: The results show that there are significant variations in the performance of the movement among groups of men actively engaged in squats under professional guidance and...

O objetivo do trabalho é investigar como as condições biomecânicas de portadores de Osteoartrite (OA) de joelho afetam a capacidade de realizar atividades de vida diária. Participaram desse estudo 39 indivíduos, sendo 18 indivíduos com OA de joelho bilateral grau 3, na escala Kellgren Lawrence, e 21 indivíduos saudáveis. Foram utilizadas duas plataformas de força (AMTI) para registrar a Força de Reação do Solo, cinco câmeras (Sistema Vicon) para registrar as variações angulares das articulações do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, nos planos sagital e frontal, e cinco sensores de eletromiografia wireless (Sistema Noraxon) para registrar as atividades dos músculos reto femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA) e gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) no segmento dominante (segmento D) dos sujeitos do grupo controle e no segmento com maior gravidade de lesão nos indivíduos com OA (segmento OA). Também foram calculados por meio de dinâmica inversa os momentos articulares nos planos sagital e frontal. Três atividades de vida diária foram investigadas, a marcha, o levantar e sentar em uma cadeira e o descer de um degrau de 20cm. Nos resultados, foi observada uma menor variação angular de forma geral nas articulações do quadril e joelho. Não foi observada diferença nas cargas mecânicas aplicadas ao aparelho locomotor. Nas três atividades cotidianas, os indivíduos com OA apresentaram adução no quadril e abdução no joelho, que denota um alinhamento em valgo durante a execução das tarefas. Poucas diferenças foram observadas nos momentos articulares flexores e extensores, nas três atividades de vida diária investigadas. No levantar e sentar menores momentos extensores foram observados no joelho durante as duas fases do movimento. Nos momentos adutores, poucas diferenças foram observadas na marcha. No levantar e sentar, o segmento OA não apresentou momentos adutores de joelho maiores que nos outros segmentos. No descer degrau, o segmento CL apresentou maior momento adutor que o segmento OA e D. De forma geral, as diferenças na ativação muscular indicam maior intensidade de ativação no grupo controle. O músculo VL nas três atividades apresentou intensidade de ativação menor nos indivíduos com OA. Observou-se maior co-ativação na marcha e no descer degrau, mas não no levantar e sentar. Na marcha a maior co-ativação ocorreu nas três articulações. No descer degrau, ocorreu no quadril e no joelho. Nas três atividades, maior co-contração foi observada e principalmente no joelho. Conclui-se que as alterações na técnica de movimento mostram-se tarefa dependente. As alterações na execução do movimento no plano sagital não foram suficientes para afetar o controle das cargas mecânicas, na marcha e no descer degrau. Apenas na tarefa de levantar e sentar surgiu algum indicio de que a eficiência seria pior. O alinhamento no joelho e os momentos adutores não sugerem maior magnitude de força no compartimento medial do joelho. Aparentemente, as características temporais sejam mais sensíveis à presença da OA no joelho do que a intensidade de ativação / The aim of this study is to investigate the biomechanical characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and hoe it affects the ability to perform daily living activities. Thirty nine subjects participated in this study, 18 subjects with bilateral knee OA grade 3 Kellgren Lawrence scale) and 21 healthy individuals. Two force platforms (AMTI) were used to register the Grourd Reaction Force (GRF). Five cameras (System Vicon) were used to register the angular variations of the hip, knee and ankle in the sagittal and frontal planes. Five electromyographic electrodes (Noraxon System) were used to record the activities of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) in the dominant segment (D segment) on control group and the segment with greater severity of injury in individuals with OA (OA segment). Inverse dynamics was used to calculate joint moments sagittal and frontal planes. Three daily living activities were investigated, the gait, the Sit-to stand and Stand-to-sit and Stepping down from a 20cm height step. In results, there was a smaller angular variation in hip and knee joints. No difference was observed in the mechanical loads applied to the locomotor system. In the three daily activities, people with knee OA showed hip adduction and knee abduction, in the three daily activities, which suggests an alignment valgus in the knee. Few differences were observed in joint moments in the three daily living activities. In sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit lower peak extensor moments were observed in the knee. Few differences were observed in adductor moments in gait. In sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit, no difference was observed in knee adductor moments. In stepping down, the CL segment showed greater adductor moment than OA segment and D. In general, differences in muscle activation indicate greater activation intensity in the control group. The VL muscle showed lower activation intensity in individuals with OA in all three activities. A higher co-activation was observed in gait and in stepping down, but not in sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit. In gait the higher co-activation occurred subjects with knee OA in the three joints. In stepping down, higher co-activation occurred in the hip and knee. In the three activities, greater co-contraction was observed and especially in the knee. It can be concluded that changes in movement technique appears to be task dependent. Changes in movement technique in the sagittal plane were not enough to affect the control of the mechanical loads on gait and stepping down movements. Only in sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit some indication of worse efficiency to perform the task was observed. Knee alignment and knee adductor moments do not suggest greater magnitude of force in the medial compartment of the knee. Apparently, the temporal characteristics of muscle activity are more sensitive to the presence of knee OA than the intensity of activation

The master thesis deals with the engineering design and realization of a transtibial prosthesis for recreational in-line skating. The first part of thesis summarize background information about skating. The next part analyzes the kinematics of ankle joint based on gained information and own measurement by Motion capture method in Kinovea software. The thesis continues with realization of more versions of prosthesis followed by testing with patient. Finally, the thesis discus measured data.

Si de nombreuses études ont été consacrées à l’analyse des grands tours préparatoires aux sorties, aux sorties elles-mêmes et aux lâchers de barre en barre fixe ou barre supérieure de barres asymétriques, les éléments avec envol pour passer d’une barre à l’autre aux barres asymétriques (lâcher la barre inférieure pour saisir la barre supérieure ou l’inverse) n’ont, à notre connaissance, pas fait l’objet de telles études. Cette thèse de doctorat présente dans sa première partie une analyse cinématique du « pieds barre temps de ventre » ainsi qu’une analyse des moments cinétique et d’inertie mis en jeu par deux groupes de gymnastes, des expertes et des novices, lors de la réalisation de ce mouvement. La deuxième partie met en évidence des lois de contrôle moteur utilisées par les deux groupes pour réaliser l’élément. Afin de déterminer si les mouvements des deux groupes sont susceptibles d’améliorations et si la trajectoire créée au lâcher de la barre inférieure ou la gestuelle mise en jeu influence davantage la performance, une optimisation du pieds barre temps de ventre est proposée dans la troisième partie. Enfin, l’effet de l’introduction d’une loi de contrôle moteur dans le processus d’optimisation sur le réalisme des mouvements optimisés est envisagé. / Many studies were dedicated to the analysis of backward giant circles prior to release, releases itself or release-regrasp skills on high bar or uneven bars. To our knowledge, skills with flight phase to release low bar and regrasp high bar or the contrary were not studied yet. The first chapter of this doctoral thesis is dedicated to a kinematic analysis of the “counter movement forward in flight” on uneven bars and to the moment of inertia and angular momentum recorded for two groups of gymnasts performing this task: an expert group and a novice group. The second chapter highlights motor control laws used by the gymnasts of both groups. An optimization of the counter movement forward in flight was carried out in the third chapter in order to know if the movements of both groups may be improved and whether body mass center trajectory or body movements in flight most influence final performance. Effects of introducing a motor control law in the optimization process on the realism of optimized movements were studied.

Title of the thesis: Current concepts of double poling by classic technique in cross-country skiing Object of the thesis: The spatial-temporal analysis of node points and kinetic phases of the kick double poling and double poling of selected competitors at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Liberec 2009. Method: A case study in which we used the kinematographic method for the analysis of the kick double poling and double poling of selected competitors. We analyzed the video of the 15-km classic in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Liberec 2009. For the analysis we used the software APAS. Results: We performed spatial-temporal description of node points and kinetic phases of the kick double poling and double poling of selected competitors. We characterized current concepts of kick double poling technique, because selected competitors were relatively homogeneous set. By double poling we found out flexion-extension pattern in elbow, hip joints of slipping lower limb and partly in knee and ankle joints of slipping lower limb which results in generation of great propulsive force. Double poling becomes more significant driving element than push-off. Keywords: cross-country skiing, kick double poling, double poling, kinematic analysis, top competitors

In the study "The relationship between postural stability and physical activities", we focused on determining the level of postural stability and the possibility of influencing by appropriate means of exercise intervention in people with increased physical activity and persons with physical limitations. Persons with increased physical activity were top players and players competing in various sports (football, handball, volleyball, golf) and those with physical limitations, patients suffering from diseases that have a negative impact on postural stability (Friedrich's ataxia, autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia, Charlot-Marie- Tooth). Upright posture in stance and movement is a fundamental prerequisite for human bipedal locomotion. Postural stability is the ability to maintain an upright posture, which advises the motor and coordination skills, and its meaning is close to equilibrium abilities. Maintaining an upright posture is ensured by muscle activity, which is controlled by the central nervous system based on information from internal and external environment. Control of postural stability is the primary prerequisite for successful movement and as such it can be developed on the basis of appropriate physical activities. All methods of measuring static and dynamic postural stability can be...

The aim of this dissertation was to evaluate and statistically compare the data of the distance of movement and player load (PL) with respect to the player specializations and with respect to the result of rallies. The analysis used the method of 3D kinematic motion analysis of a video recording of the official play-off match in the elite women's category. 3D reconstruction accuracy was calculated with a standard deviation of 0.0296 m (0.3%). A total of 14 players were evaluated (age = 25 ± 6 years; height = 182.3 ± 6.2 cm; weight = 72.1 ± 5.8 kg) in a total of 4 sets. 85% of all rallies lasted up to 12.4 s and 95% lasted up to 18 s. The average duration of the rally reached 7.76 ± 5.1 s. In the range of 0.7 m to 2 m was performed 91.8 ± 1.3 % of distance of movement over 0.7 m. In the range of 0 m to 0.7 m, the specialization spiker reached 60.5% of the total distance of movement. For blocker it was 59.8%, setter reached 54.1%, Opposite reached 62.1% and libero 57.9%. The highest ratio of movement was reached by the spiker for the forward direction (35.8%). The highest distance of movement was reached by the setter (1648 m). Players reached at 50 % speed value from 1.32 m/s in the backward direction for the blocker and setter, up to the maximum speed at 50 % for the setter with a value of 2.09 m/s...

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