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In many catalytic systems, the activity and selectivity of supported metal catalysts or extended metal surface catalysts would be affected by the metal surface structure, and this phenomenon is called structure sensitivity. Generally, structure sensitivity is led by the change of geometric and electronic properties of the metal on the surface. The variation of metal nuclearity and metal-support interactions are effective ways to change the geometric and electronic properties of the supported metal catalyst, leading to different types of the active sites exposing on the support that would take effect on catalyzing the reaction. In this work, a series of supported Ir catalysts (on MgAl2O4 and SiO2) with different particle sizes less than 3 nm were utilized for hydrogenolysis of n-butane and ethane to study the structure sensitivity as well as the potential reaction pathways. The results indicate that the activity of n-butane hydrogenolysis increases as Ir particle size increases in the small particle size range (0.7–1.4 nm) and then drops when the Ir particle size further increases and the Ir single atoms might be inactive for hydrogenolysis after the post-reaction analysis. The selectivity of n-butane hydrogenolysis is dominated by central and one terminal C–C bond cleavage on the n-butane molecules at low temperature range. The selectivity to central C–C bond cleavage is highly dependent on the size of Ir and increases with a decrease in particle size down to ~1.4 nm but remains constant with further decrease in size. The hydrogenolysis of ethane shows a similar trend in the small size range but the activity is much lower than n-butane, which supports the low level of series reaction pathway in the case of n-butane hydrogenolysis. In addition to Ir nuclearity, the effect of electronic properties was also studied on another series of Ir catalysts supported on ZnAl2O4, in which zinc replace the magnesium within the same spinel structure. The characterization results including HAADF-STEM and volumetric CO chemisorption show the difference of Ir nuclearity in the subnanometer regime and nanoparticles (~1.4 nm), while XPS and DRIFTS indicate the difference of electronic properties from metal-support interaction on the two Ir catalysts with the same nuclearity but reduced at different temperatures. Acetylene hydrogenation is structure sensitive on Ir/ZnAl2O4 catalysts and the activity and selectivity are mainly determined by Ir nuclearity instead of the difference in electronic properties. The Ir single atoms and subnanometer clusters are more selective to the target product of C2H4 but less active than large Ir nanoparticles as there might be more π-bonded adsorption than di-σ bonded adsorption for C2H2 on the Ir single atoms and subnanometer clusters. / Doctor of Philosophy / The supported metal catalyst is a kind of effective substance that could help increase the reaction rate when being properly utilized in the reaction. From the industry point of view, the best thing is to maximize the catalyst productivity and minimize the expense so that the economic benefit could be magnified. The catalyst effectiveness in a certain reaction might be different when the surface structure of the catalyst varies. Usually, only the fraction of the surface metals could take effect. As the particle size of the catalyst decreases, the fraction of the surface atoms that contain active sites drastically changes, leading to a different catalytic performance and probably lower cost with improved efficiency for metal utilization. Therefore, it is very significant for the researchers to study the reaction structure sensitivity on the same series of catalysts with different particle sizes. Also, by understanding the reaction mechanism and fundamentals of the catalytic system, it would be possible for the researchers to rationally design the catalysts aiming at higher efficiency and lower cost. In this work, the reaction of hydrogenolysis that cleaves the C–C bonds within the alkanes molecules was studied on the supported Ir catalysts (Ir/MgAl2O4 and Ir/SiO2) with different particle sizes ranging from mostly single atoms, subnanometer clusters to nanoparticles. For n-butane hydrogenolysis, it is found that the selectivity to the target product of ethane is weakly dependent on particle size when smaller than 1.4 nm but decreases as the size further increases. Meantime, the activity is highest on the catalyst with surface-average particle size of 1.4 nm. Therefore, Ir size of ~1.4 nm is optimum for activity and selectivity to ethane. The series of Ir/ZnAl2O4 catalysts was tested for structure sensitivity by another probe reaction, semi-hydrogenation of acetylene. The adsorbed acetylene molecules could be hydrogenated by adding two hydrogen to form the adsorbed ethylene before desorption or further hydrogenation to form ethane. Our results show the Ir single atoms and subnanometer clusters are more selective to the target product of ethylene but less active than the large nanoparticles. With the understanding of structure sensitivity, researchers are able to rationally design the catalysts based on their necessity for certain reactions.

L'acrylamide, connu comme étant une molécule cancérigène, apparait lors de traitement thermique à haute température (>120°C) d'aliments riches en asparagine et en sucre. La friture profonde génère ce composé à des teneurs proche de 0,44 ppm pour les chips de plantain. Or les aliments à base de plantain sont largement consommés dans les pays du sud. Ces travaux de recherche ont pour objectif de mieux comprendre l'accumulation de l'acrylamide lors de l'élaboration de produits frits à base de plantain. Pour y parvenir la teneur en précurseurs (asparagine) a d'abord été obtenue dans différentes variétés de bananes, mais aussi durant le mûrissage d'une variété de plantain d'exportation (Harton). Ces résultats ont permis d'identifier l'asparagine comme étant limitant pour la formation d'acrylamide dans le plantain. Ensuite, une étude cinétique du couplage entre la température et l'activité en eau a été entreprise en système fermé. Le domaine d'étude consistait en 4 températures de traitement (140, 160, 180 et 200°C) et 3 activités en eau (0,43 ; 0,9 ; 0,97). La cinétique de formation et d'élimination de l'acrylamide a été traduite par la somme de 2 cinétiques d'ordre 1. Les paramètres cinétiques ont été identifiés et montrent que la température est le paramètre qui influence le plus la cinétique de l'acrylamide. Le modèle cinétique a dans une autre étape été couplé à un modèle traduisant les transferts d'énergie et de vapeur durant la friture. Le modèle a bien simulé les teneurs en eau et en acrylamide de deux produits frits à base de plantain « tajadas » (produit épais) et « tostones » (produit mince). Les coulages entre transfert et réaction sont discutés en vue d'imaginer des stratégies de réduction de l'acrylamide. Il a été démontré que la formation de l'acrylamide se fait presque exclusivement dans la zone hygroscopique périphérique (croûte). De ce fait, la conduite de la friture en températures variables est recommandée et permet de réduire d'au moins 50% la teneur en acrylamide. La sélection variétale et l'état de maturité du plantain sont les moyens en amont les plus souples pour contrôler la teneur en acrylamide dans le produit final. Des prétraitements par immersion se sont avérés efficaces induisant une réduction significative de l'acrylamide. En revanche, la formulation de molécules antioxydantes ne semble pas avoir d'effet réducteur. / Acrylamide, a molecule known as a carcinogen, appears during heat treatment of asparagine and sugars rich foods at high temperature (> 120 ° C). Deep frying produces this compound at levels close to 0.44 ppm for plantain chips, these foods being widely consumed in developing countries. The aim of the present work is to better understand the accumulation of acrylamide during the process of plantain-based products. In this context, the level of precursors (asparagine) was obtained firstly in different varieties of bananas and also during ripening of an export plantain variety (Harton). These results allowed identifying asparagine as a limiting factor of acrylamide formation in plantain. Afterwards, a kinetic study of the coupling between temperature and water activity was undertaken in a closed system. The field of study consisted of four temperatures of treatment (140, 160, 180 and 200 ° C) and three water activities (0.43, 0.9, 0.97). The kin etics of formation and elimination of acrylamide was translated by the sum of 2 order 1 kinetics. The kinetic parameters were identified and showed that temperature is the parameter that influences the most acrylamide kinetic. The kinetic model, in a further step, was coupled to a model describing energy and steam transfers during frying. The model simulated well water and acrylamide content in two plantain-based fried products: "Tajada" (produced thick) and "tostones" (thin product). The coupling between transfers and reaction were discussed in order to identify strategies to reduce acrylamide. It was demonstrated that acrylamide formation occurs almost exclusively in the hygroscopic and peripheral area (crust). Thus, conducting frying process at varying temperatures is recommended and can reduce by at least 50% the acrylamide content. The varietal selection and the ripeness degree of plantain are more flexible ways to control upstream the levels of acrylamide in the final product. Immersion pretreatments were also effective to reduce significantly acrylamide. However, the formulation of antioxidant molecules did not appear to have reduction effect.

Considerando a grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos, como a palha e o bagaço de cana, gerados devido às atividades agrícolas, procurou-se desenvolver um projeto que utilize esses resíduos para obtenção de produtos com maior valor agregado, visando atender às expectativas em termos econômicos e ambientais. O bagaço da cana é um resíduo gerado em grandes proporções no Brasil. O Estado de São Paulo instituiu uma lei que proíbe a prática da queimada, para fins de colheita, pelo fato de causar sérios problemas ambientais e danos à saúde da população das cidades produtoras de cana, tornando a palha mais um resíduo em abundância. O bagaço e agora a palha da cana são queimados em caldeiras para a geração de energia nas próprias usinas de açúcar e álcool. Os excedentes deste processo podem ser utilizados para a obtenção de produtos de maior valor agregado, desde polpas celulósicas bem como a produção de ligninas que podem ser utilizadas em resinas para fabricação de aglomerados. Para o uso integral da biomassa lignocelulósica é necessário fazer a separação de seus constituintes majoritários: celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. Neste trabalho, os processos de separação utilizados foram a polpação etanol-água e a técnica de explosão a vapor tendo a palha e o bagaço da cana como materiais de partida. As ligninas obtidas pelo processo etanol-água foram oxidadas em meio ácido sob condições diferentes para determinar as cinéticas da oxidação e as energias de ativação destas ligninas. Ligninas oxidadas apresentam fortes propriedades quelantes e podem ser aplicadas no tratamento de efluentes para remoção de metais pesados. A oxidação foi realizada em meio ácido acético utilizando o sitema catalítico Co/Mn/Br à 50, 80 e 115°C por 5 h. A energia de ativação calculada para as ligninas de bagaço e de palha apresentaram um valor de 23,4 kJ/mol e 34,2 kJ/mol, respectivamente, indicando que a lignina de palha é mais reticulada. O estudo cinético da oxidação foi avaliado por UV-Visível. Espectros de infravermelho de várias amostras de ligninas oxidadas foram submetidas à Analise por Componentes Principais (PCA). Os resultados mostraram suaves modificações na estrutura da lignina após a reação de oxidação. A lignina obtida pela técnica de explosão a vapor foi testada em resinas para fabricação de aglomerados, juntamente com resinas à base de farinha de soja e de tanino. Foram ainda fabricadas resinas utilizando o glioxal em substituição do formaldeído, que é um material tóxico. Lignina glioxilada foi adicionada à resina de farinha de soja glioxilada em substituição das resinas PF ou de isocianato (pMDI), visando uma maior utilização de material natural na resina. As formulações que continham 70 ou 80% de material natural apresentaram resultados dentro dos padrões exigidos. As resinas com 70% de material natural podem ser utilizadas em menor porporção na madeira e também podem ser utilizados tempos de prensagem menores, que são industrialmente significativos. A melhor formulação encontrada foi utilizando farinha de soja pré-cozida glioxilada (SG) com a adição de tanino e pMDI, onde as proporções de material foram SG/T/pMDI 54/16/30 (m/m) . / Considering the large amount of agricultural residues, such as straw and sugarcane bagasse, generated due to agricultural activities, we sought to develop a project that proposes the use of these residues to obtain products with higher value, to acchieve expectations in terms of cost and environment. Bagasse from sugarcane is a by-product generated in large proportions in Brazil. São Paulo State introduced a law which prohibits the practice of burning for harvesting because of causing serious environmental problems and damage to the health of the population of cities close to cane producers, making straw an other abundant residue. Sugarcane bagasse and straw are burned in boilers for generation of energy in sugar and alcohol industries. However, excess of those by-products could be used to obtain products with higher value, as cellulosic pulps with applications in cardboard packing and the application in resins for the manufacture of particleboard. For the integral use of the vegetable biomass it is necessary separate the major components: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, and for this purpose ethanol-water pulping and steam explosion process were used, with the sugarcane bagasse and straw. Lignins obtained by ethanol-water pulping were oxidized in acidic medium under different conditions to study kinetics of the oxidation and calculate the activation energies of these lignins. Oxidized lignins presents very strong chelating properties and could be applied in effluents treatments for heavy metals removal. The oxidation of lignins were performed using acetic acid and Co/Mn/Br catalytical system at 50, 80 and 115°C for 5 h. Activation energy (Ea) was calculated for lignins from sugarcane bagasse and straw and presented Ea of 34.4 kJ.mol-1 and 23.3 kJ.mol-1, respectively, indicating higher crosslinked formation for straw. A kinetic study of the oxidation was evaluated by UV/Visible. FTIR spectra of various samples of oxidized lignins were submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed slight structure modifications in lignins after oxidation reaction. Lignin obtained by the steam explosion process was tested in resins for the manufacture of particleboards, together with resin-based soy flour and tannin. Resins were manufactured to substitute formaldehyde (a toxic material) with glyoxal. Glyoxalated lignins were added to glyoxalated soy flour in place of PF resins or the isocyanate (pMDI), aiming greater use of natural materials in resins. Adhesive resin formulations in which the total content of natural material is either 70 or 80% of the total resin solids content gave good results. The resins comprising 70% by weight of natural material can be used in a much lower proportion on wood chips and can afford pressing times fast enough to be significant under industrial panel pressing conditions. The best formulation of all the ones tried was the one based on glyoxalated precooked soy flour (SG), to which a condensed tannin was added in water solution and pMDI, where the proportions of the components SG/T/pMDI was 54/16/30 by weight.

Considerando a grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos, como a palha e o bagaço de cana, gerados devido às atividades agrícolas, procurou-se desenvolver um projeto que utilize esses resíduos para obtenção de produtos com maior valor agregado, visando atender às expectativas em termos econômicos e ambientais. O bagaço da cana é um resíduo gerado em grandes proporções no Brasil. O Estado de São Paulo instituiu uma lei que proíbe a prática da queimada, para fins de colheita, pelo fato de causar sérios problemas ambientais e danos à saúde da população das cidades produtoras de cana, tornando a palha mais um resíduo em abundância. O bagaço e agora a palha da cana são queimados em caldeiras para a geração de energia nas próprias usinas de açúcar e álcool. Os excedentes deste processo podem ser utilizados para a obtenção de produtos de maior valor agregado, desde polpas celulósicas bem como a produção de ligninas que podem ser utilizadas em resinas para fabricação de aglomerados. Para o uso integral da biomassa lignocelulósica é necessário fazer a separação de seus constituintes majoritários: celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. Neste trabalho, os processos de separação utilizados foram a polpação etanol-água e a técnica de explosão a vapor tendo a palha e o bagaço da cana como materiais de partida. As ligninas obtidas pelo processo etanol-água foram oxidadas em meio ácido sob condições diferentes para determinar as cinéticas da oxidação e as energias de ativação destas ligninas. Ligninas oxidadas apresentam fortes propriedades quelantes e podem ser aplicadas no tratamento de efluentes para remoção de metais pesados. A oxidação foi realizada em meio ácido acético utilizando o sitema catalítico Co/Mn/Br à 50, 80 e 115°C por 5 h. A energia de ativação calculada para as ligninas de bagaço e de palha apresentaram um valor de 23,4 kJ/mol e 34,2 kJ/mol, respectivamente, indicando que a lignina de palha é mais reticulada. O estudo cinético da oxidação foi avaliado por UV-Visível. Espectros de infravermelho de várias amostras de ligninas oxidadas foram submetidas à Analise por Componentes Principais (PCA). Os resultados mostraram suaves modificações na estrutura da lignina após a reação de oxidação. A lignina obtida pela técnica de explosão a vapor foi testada em resinas para fabricação de aglomerados, juntamente com resinas à base de farinha de soja e de tanino. Foram ainda fabricadas resinas utilizando o glioxal em substituição do formaldeído, que é um material tóxico. Lignina glioxilada foi adicionada à resina de farinha de soja glioxilada em substituição das resinas PF ou de isocianato (pMDI), visando uma maior utilização de material natural na resina. As formulações que continham 70 ou 80% de material natural apresentaram resultados dentro dos padrões exigidos. As resinas com 70% de material natural podem ser utilizadas em menor porporção na madeira e também podem ser utilizados tempos de prensagem menores, que são industrialmente significativos. A melhor formulação encontrada foi utilizando farinha de soja pré-cozida glioxilada (SG) com a adição de tanino e pMDI, onde as proporções de material foram SG/T/pMDI 54/16/30 (m/m) . / Considering the large amount of agricultural residues, such as straw and sugarcane bagasse, generated due to agricultural activities, we sought to develop a project that proposes the use of these residues to obtain products with higher value, to acchieve expectations in terms of cost and environment. Bagasse from sugarcane is a by-product generated in large proportions in Brazil. São Paulo State introduced a law which prohibits the practice of burning for harvesting because of causing serious environmental problems and damage to the health of the population of cities close to cane producers, making straw an other abundant residue. Sugarcane bagasse and straw are burned in boilers for generation of energy in sugar and alcohol industries. However, excess of those by-products could be used to obtain products with higher value, as cellulosic pulps with applications in cardboard packing and the application in resins for the manufacture of particleboard. For the integral use of the vegetable biomass it is necessary separate the major components: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, and for this purpose ethanol-water pulping and steam explosion process were used, with the sugarcane bagasse and straw. Lignins obtained by ethanol-water pulping were oxidized in acidic medium under different conditions to study kinetics of the oxidation and calculate the activation energies of these lignins. Oxidized lignins presents very strong chelating properties and could be applied in effluents treatments for heavy metals removal. The oxidation of lignins were performed using acetic acid and Co/Mn/Br catalytical system at 50, 80 and 115°C for 5 h. Activation energy (Ea) was calculated for lignins from sugarcane bagasse and straw and presented Ea of 34.4 kJ.mol-1 and 23.3 kJ.mol-1, respectively, indicating higher crosslinked formation for straw. A kinetic study of the oxidation was evaluated by UV/Visible. FTIR spectra of various samples of oxidized lignins were submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed slight structure modifications in lignins after oxidation reaction. Lignin obtained by the steam explosion process was tested in resins for the manufacture of particleboards, together with resin-based soy flour and tannin. Resins were manufactured to substitute formaldehyde (a toxic material) with glyoxal. Glyoxalated lignins were added to glyoxalated soy flour in place of PF resins or the isocyanate (pMDI), aiming greater use of natural materials in resins. Adhesive resin formulations in which the total content of natural material is either 70 or 80% of the total resin solids content gave good results. The resins comprising 70% by weight of natural material can be used in a much lower proportion on wood chips and can afford pressing times fast enough to be significant under industrial panel pressing conditions. The best formulation of all the ones tried was the one based on glyoxalated precooked soy flour (SG), to which a condensed tannin was added in water solution and pMDI, where the proportions of the components SG/T/pMDI was 54/16/30 by weight.

A detailed mechanistic investigation of the previously reported ruthenium pseudo-dipeptide-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of aromatic ketones was performed. It was found that the addition of alkali metals has a large influence on both the reaction rate and the selectivity, and that the rate of the reaction was substantially increased when THF was used as a co-solvent. A novel bimetallic mechanism for the ruthenium pseudo-dipeptide-catalyzed asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones was proposed. There is a demand for a larger substrate scope in the ATH reaction, and heteroaromatic ketones are traditionally more challenging substrates. Normally a catalyst is developed for one benchmark substrate, and a substrate screen is carried out with the best performing catalyst. There is a high probability that for different substrates, another catalyst could outperform the one used. To circumvent this issue, a multiple screen was executed, employing a variety of ligands from different families within our group’s ligand library, and different heteroaromatic ketones to fine-tune and to find the optimum catalyst depending on the substrate. The acquired information was used in the formal total syntheses of (R)-fluoxetine and (S)-duloxetine, where the key reduction step was performed with high enantioselectivities and high yield, in each case. Furthermore, a new iron-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed hydrosilylation (HS) protocol was developed. An active catalyst was formed in situ from readily available imidazolium salts together with an iron source, and the inexpensive and benign polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) was used as hydride donor. A set of sterically less demanding, potentially bidentate NHC precursors was prepared. The effect proved to be remarkable, and an unprecedented activity was observed when combining them with iron. The same system was also explored in the reduction of amides to amines with satisfactory results. / <p>At the time of doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3648.pdf: 4034707 bytes, checksum: d61c1d29df91b4f878b199e7de814791 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-28 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / This work presents a kinetic study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of three cellulosic substrates: filter paper (FP), used as a de-lignified substrate model; sugarcane bagasse (SB) steam exploded; and acid treated SB, the last two treated with 4% NaOH. All SB were chemically characterized. Hydrolysis experiments to study the influence of agitation and substrate concentration were performed in shaker, using Accellerase® 1500, Genencor, at pH 4.8, in 50mM sodium citrate buffer. To verify the substrate concentration effect, cellulose load (weightsubstrate/weighttotal) was 0.5%-13% (for FP) and 0.99%-9.09% (for SB). For FP, the role of the external mass transport resistance was not significant when the agitation speed was in the range 150-300 rpm. It was possible to fit a pseudo-homogeneous Michaelis-Menten model for substrate concentrations up to 13% (w/w). Preliminary tests fitting the model proposed by Chrastil (CHRASTIL J. Enzymic product formation curves with the normal or diffusion limited reaction mechanism and in the presence of substrate receptors, Int. J. Biochem., v. 20, No. 7, p. 683, 1988) indicated that the role of diffusion through the external film was a more relevant feature for steam exploded SB than for FP, at higher concentrations of substrate. It was possible to fit a pseudo-homogeneous model for steam exploded SB, within a range of cellulose concentrations from 0.99% to 3.85% (w/w). Product inhibition had to be considered by the model. For higher loads of steam exploded SB, a modified Michaelis- Menten model, appropriate for heterogeneous systems with high diffusion resistance, was fitted. Finally, for the highly recalcitrant acid treated SB, Chrastil models were fitted. As expected, the complexity of this system regarding to the substrate and to the pool of enzymes acting in synergy, makes difficult the use of one single lumped parameter model for all hydrolysis operation conditions. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo cinético da hidrólise enzimática de três substratos celulósicos: papel de filtro (PF), usado como um modelo de substrato delignificado; bagaço de cana (BC) explodido a vapor e BC tratado com ácido, os dois últimos tratados com NaOH 4%. Todos os BC foram caracterizados. Experimentos de hidrólise para estudar a influência da agitação e da concentração do substrato foram realizados em shaker, usando Accellerase ® 1500, Genencor, em pH 4,8, em tampão citrato de sódio 50mM. Para verificar o efeito da concentração do substrato, a carga de celulose (m / m) foi de 0,5% -13% (para PF) e 0,99% - 9,09% (para o BC). Para o PF, o papel da resistência externa ao transporte de massa não foi significativo quando a velocidade de agitação foi na faixa de 150-300 rpm, em shaker. Foi possível ajustar um modelo pseudo-homogêneo de Michaelis-Menten para concentrações de substrato até 13% (m / m). Testes preliminares através do ajuste do modelo proposto por Chrastil (CHRASTIL J. Enzymic product formation curves with the normal or diffusion limited reaction mechanism and in the presence of substrate receptors, Int. J. Biochem., v. 20, No. 7, p. 683, 1988) indicaram que o papel da difusão através da película externa era uma característica mais relevante para o BC explodido a vapor que para o PF, em altas concentrações de substrato. Foi possível ajustar um modelo pseudo-homogêneo para o BC explodido a vapor, dentro de uma faixa de concentrações de celulose de 0,99% a 3,85% (m / m). Inibição pelo produto teve de ser considerada pelo modelo. Para cargas maiores de BC explodido a vapor, um modelo modificado de Michaelis-Menten, adequado para sistemas heterogêneos, com alta resistência à difusão, foi ajustado. Finalmente, para BC tratado com ácido (altamente recalcitrante), modelos de Chrastil foram ajustados. Como esperado, a complexidade deste sistema em relação ao substrato para o pool de enzimas agindo em sinergia, torna difícil o uso de um modelo único para todas as condições operacionais de hidrólise.

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Introduction/objectif : La dyslipidémie des sujets obèses insulinorésistants est principalement caractérisée par une augmentation plasmatique des LRT hépatiques (LRT-apo-B100) et intestinales (LRT-apo-B48). La chirurgie bariatrique, largement pratiquée dans le traitement de l'obésité, est associée à l'amélioration de nombreuses anomalies métaboliques. Nous avons étudié l'effet de la chirurgie bariatrique sur le métabolisme des LRT intestinales et hépatiques.Méthodes/résultats : Le métabolisme des LRT de 22 patients obèses non diabétiques bénéficiant d'une chirurgie bariatrique : sleeve gastrectomie (SG ; n=12) ou bypass gastrique (BP ; n=10) a été étudié par une méthode d'enrichissement isotopique stable (D3-L-Leucine) en alimentation continue. Chaque sujet a réalisé deux études cinétiques : une 1 mois avant et une 6 mois après la chirurgie. Le résultat principal est une diminution de la taille du pool de LRT-apo-B100 après une SG et un BP (p<0,01) expliquée par une augmentation du taux de clairance des LRT-apo-B100 (SG : p<0,05) sans diminution du taux de production. Le pool de LRT-apo-B48 est significativement réduit après une SG (p<0,05), sans explication claire à part une tendance à la diminution du taux de production. La diminution du pool de LRT-apo-B100 est significativement corrélée à la diminution de la concentration en apo-CIII dans le groupe entier.Conclusion : Cette étude est la première étude cinétique réalisée chez l'Homme explorant les mécanismes d'amélioration du métabolisme des LRT après une chirurgie bariatrique. Cette amélioration du métabolisme peut contribuer à la diminution de la mortalité cardiovasculaire observée après une chirurgie bariatrique. / Introduction and objective: The dyslipidemia of insulin-resistant obese patients is widely characterised by the elevation of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) of both hepatic (TRL-apoB-100) and intestinal (TRL-apoB-48) origin. Bariatric surgery is a well-established and effective modality for the treatment of obesity, and is associated with improvements in a number of metabolic abnormalities that are associated with obesity. Here, we have investigated the effect of bariatric surgery on intestinal and hepatic TRL metabolism. Approach and Results: Twenty two non-diabetic, obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery: sleeve gastrectomy (SG; n=12) and gastric bypass (BP; n=10) were studied using a stable isotope (D3-L-Leucine) enrichment methodology, in the constant fed state. Each subject underwent two lipoprotein turnover studies: 1 month before and 6 months after surgery. The main finding was a reduction in TRL-apo-B100 concentration following both SG and BP procedures (P<0.01 for both), explained by an increase in TRL-apo-B100 fractional catabolic rate (P<0.05 for SG) without a reduction in production rate. TRL-apo-B48 concentration was significantly reduced following SG, with no clear explanation other than a trend towards reduction in production rate. The reduction of TRL-apo-B100 concentration was significantly associated with a reduction of plasma apo-CIII in the pooled group of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Conclusions: This is the first human kinetic study to explore the mechanism of improvement of TRL metabolism following bariatric surgery. These effects may contribute to the decrease of cardiovascular mortality after surgery.

Estudou-se a cinética do processo de produção de bebidas lácteas por fermentação mantida a 42°C em sistema descontínuo. As bebidas foram preparadas a partir de uma base láctea de leite desnatado e soro de queijo doce e com substituição parcial realizada com extrato solúvel de soja em pó, utilizando 2 culturas lácticas comerciais, representadas pela cultura tradicional, Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus e pela cultura contendo organismos probióticos, S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium e Lactobacillus acidophilus. O processo foi monitorado pelas análises de pH - uso de pHmetro digital (GEHAKA, PG1000) - , acidez (g ácido láctico/L) - titulação com solução de NaOH 0,1N, usando como indicador a solução de fenolftaleína 1,0% - e pelas contagens microbiológicas, sendo realizadas do início da fermentação (t=0) até o pH próximo a 4,6. Para a contagem de bactérias lácticas totais, lactobacilos, estreptococos e organismos probióticos foram empregados os meios Agar MRS, Agar MRS acidificado com 0,05% de HCl-L-cisteína, Agar M17 e Agar MRS adicionado de 0,3% de extrato de bile, respectivamente. As alíquotas, retiradas do processo fermentativo foram diluídas em água peptonada 0,1%. Inoculou-se 1mL da diluição em meio fundido e em seguida as placas foram homogeneizadas e submetidas à incubação em jarras herméticas, na temperatura de 42ºC, por 48 horas, utilizando-se um produtor de microaerofilia (Anaerobac - Probac do Brasil). As velocidades instantâneas de produção de ácido láctico (g/L/h) e de crescimento celular (UFC/L/h) foram obtidas a partir do Modelo de Sinclair e Cantero (1990). A bebida, produzida com substrato contendo somente base láctea e cultura tradicional (Trat.1), foi a que necessitou de maior tempo (3h30) para que o pH se aproximasse de 4,6, sendo que quando empregou-se cultura contendo organismos probióticos, (Trat. 3), o tempo necessário para atingir esse pH foi de 3h. Na substituição parcial de sólidos pelo extrato solúvel de soja, representado pelas bebidas obtidas pelos tratamentos 2 e 4, verificou-se a necessidade de 3h e 2h30min respectivamente, para o pH aproximar de 4,6. Em relação à acidez expressa em g ácido láctico/L, várias bebidas não atingiram o valor estabelecido pelo padrão de identidade de bebidas lácteas (BRASIL, 2005 a), variando entre todos os tratamentos. Percebeuse ainda que o tempo para atingir o valor máximo das velocidades instantâneas de crescimento das bactérias lácticas e estreptococos atingiram 3h, independente do substrato utilizado na fermentação, enquanto, empregando a cultura probiótica, a velocidade máxima de crescimento de bactérias lácticas (dX/dt) ocorreu em 2h no tratamento com base láctea (Trat. 3) e 1h na bebida com substituição parcial da base láctea (Trat. 4). As máximas velocidades instantâneas relativas às culturas de estreptococos nos tratamento 3 e 4 ocorreram em 3 e 1h respectivamente. Quanto aos dX/dt máximos referente ao crescimento de lactobacilos verificou-se a necessidade de 2h e 1h respectivamente, enquanto para os organismos probióticos foi de 2h, em substrato base láctea e 1h quando do emprego de substrato com substituição parcial da base láctea por extrato de soja. / It was studied the kinetics from production of milk drinks by fermentation maintained at 42 ° C in a batch system. The drinks were prepared from a base of skimmed milk and whey sweet cheese with a partial replacement performed with soluble extract of soybean powder, and the employment of 2 lactic commercial crops, represented by the traditional culture, containing Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and the probiotic culture, containing S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium e Lactobacillus acidophilus. The process was monitored by the analysis of pH - digital pHmetro (GEHAKA, PG1000), acidity (g lactic acid / L) - titration with 0.1 N NaOH solution, using as an indicator of phenolphthalein solution 1.0%and the total counts of organisms. Being held at the beginning of fermentation (t = 0) until the pH near the pH 4.6. For lacitcal total count of bacteria, lactobacilli, streptococci and probiotic organisms were employed MRS Agar, Agar MRS acidified with 0.05% HCl-L-cysteine, M17 and Agar Agar MRS added of 0.3% of extract of bile, respectively. The aliquots withdrawn from the fermentation process were diluted in water peptone 0.1%. Inoculated up 1mL of dilution in means and then mixed up the plates that were then subjected to incubation in hermetic jars in temperature of 42°C for 48 hours using a producer of microaerophilic (Anaerobac - Probac do Brasil). The speeds of instant production of lactic acid (g/L/h) and cellular growth (CFU/L/h) were obtained from the model of Sinclair and Cantero (1990).The drink, produced with only basic substrate containing milk and traditional culture (Trat.1) was that needed more time (3:30) to the pH of 4.6 approaches, and that when the employment of culture containing probiotic organisms, even with substrate (Trat. 3), the time needed was 3h. When the partial replacement of the solid soluble extract of soybean, represented by drinks obtained by treatments 2 and 4, there is a need for 3 and 2:30 respectively, to bring the pH of 4.6. As the acidity in g lactic acid / L, it was found that several drinks not reached the value set by standard of identity for milk drinks (BRASIL, 2005 a) ranging from all treatments. It was noticed that the time to achieve the maximum speeds of instant speed of growth of lactic acid bacteria streptococci and reached its peak in 3h, independent of the substrate used in fermentation, while employing the probiotic culture, it was found that the maximum speed of growth of lactic acid bacteria occurred in 2h in treatment based milk (Trat. 3) and in 1h drink with a partial replacement of basic milk (Trat. 4). The maximum speeds instant on the cultures of Streptococci treatment in 3 and 4 occurred in 3 and 1 h respectively. For dX / dt maximum for the growth of lactobacilli there is a need to 1h and 2h respectively, while the bodies of probiotics was 2h, when the employment base substrate of milk and 1am when the employment of substrate with a partial replacement of the database by extract soya milk.