Traditionally, orthopaedic surgical training has primarily taken place in the operating room. Given the growing trend of decreasing resident work hours in North America and globally due to political mandate, training time in the operating room has generally been decreased. This has led to less operative exposure, teaching, and feedback for orthopaedic surgery residents. To solve this problem, a 3D serious game that was designed for the purpose of training orthopaedic surgery residents the steps comprising the total knee replacement procedure. Real-time, 3D graphical and sound rendering technologies are employed to provide sensory realism ensuring that the knowledge gained within the serious game can be more easily recalled and applied a real world scenario. A usability study to address user perceptions of the game’s ease of use, and the potential for learning and engagement was conducted. Results indicate that the serious game is easy to use, intuitive, and stimulating. / UOIT

Syfte: Syftet var att finna skillnader och samband i self-efficacy (SE) – med avseende på typ av artroplastik, kön och ålder – inför två förflyttningar. Detta för att se vilka patienter som kan vara i större behov av att stärka SE postoperativt. Metod: Studien gjordes på inneliggande patienter som genomgått en höft- eller knäartroplastik. Ett för undersökningen framställt frågeformulär undersökte de 117 deltagarnas SE inför att sätta sig upp på sängkanten samt gå med hjälpmedel. Deltagarna skattade SE inför förflyttningarna första eller andra dagen efter operationen. Resultat: Deltagare som hade genomgått en knäartroplastik skattade signifikant högre SE inför att sätta sig upp på sängkanten än de som hade genomgått en höftartroplastik. Männen skattade signifikant högre SE inför båda momenten jämfört med kvinnorna. Det fanns en låg korrelation mellan stigande ålder och låg SE inför att gå med hjälpmedel. Konklusion: Resultaten tyder på att SE inför förflyttningarna skiljer sig mellan patienter. Detta bör behandlande sjukvårdspersonal ta hänsyn till i ett postoperativt skede för att undvika immobiliseringskomplikationer hos patienterna.

[Truncated abstract] Unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) has re-emerged as a successful treatment option for isolated single compartment tibio-femoral joint osteoarthritis. However despite its increasing use, controversy still remains over fixed or mobile bearing tibial components, as there is a lack to prospective randomised studies reported in the literature. In addition, the theoretical advantages of the mobile bearing for knee kinematics, kinetics and clinical outcome have not been evaluated in vivo. The aim of this research study was to explore the clinical and biomechanical outcomes of the fixed and mobile bearing UKA. . . . When the results for the both studies were combined, utilising the Preservation and MG fixed bearing prostheses, there was a significant relationship between knee adduction moment, and a poor prognosis predicted from RSA. Those patients with translation or rotation of the tibial component in any direction above 1mm and 1.5 degrees respectively were considered to have a poor prognosis for long term fixation. Of the 28 patients, the 8 patients considered to have a poor prognosis, had increased knee adduction moments post-surgery (mean difference = 1.66Nm.kg-1, p = 0.007). There was no difference between the groups for knee flexion moment (mean difference 0.16Nm.kg-1, p = 0.844). Pre-surgery gait was unable to predict the post-surgery outcome, due to the significant changes in gait from pre- to post-surgery. Care must taken when implanting the Preservation mobile bearing prosthesis, as long term outcome is questionable. The mobile bearing prosthesis also produced the worst clinical outcome, however the theoretical advantages of the mobile bearing does not affect gait. Gait analysis is a useful tool to identify patient who are overloading their prosthesis, leading to potential early failure. Identification of these gait patterns can allow for early intervention to reduce joint load, and possible extend the longevity of the prosthesis.

The aim of this thesis was to establish the long-term outcomes of the Oxford medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (OUKA), define patient selection criteria and to develop and externally validate an evidence based method of patient selection for this procedure. In the hands of the developer surgeons, outcomes following medial OUKA were found to be good with an implant survival of 94% (95%CI 92 to 96) at ten-years and 91% (95%CI 83 to 98) at fifteen-years. Across the published literature, however, variation in outcomes was observed with a meta-analysis of published series of OUKA finding estimates of ten-year survival ranging from 57% to 100%, mean 88% (95%CI 85 to 90). It was identified that both increased surgical caseload (volume) and increased surgical usage (proportion of primary knee arthroplasty that are OUKA), a surrogate marker of indications, were associated with improved outcomes. Surgical usage, however, was more important, with good results following OUKA seen with high surgical usage, representing broad indications, independent of the surgical volume. This finding, coupled with differences in patient demographics and failure mechanisms between usage groups, highlighted that differences in indications for OUKA may explain the variability in outcomes observed. One reason surgeons may have a low usage is if they apply previously recommended patient factor contraindications based on age (<60 years), weight (≥82kg) and activity level (high activity). When disease factors are standardised, however, it was found that patients with these previously reported contraindications often actually did better than those without, and outcomes of knees implanted where all these factors were present were as good as where none were present. Therefore, the decision to proceed with OUKA should be based on the pathoanatomy of disease. Optimal candidates for OUKA should have full-thickness cartilage loss, with bone on bone arthritis, in the medial compartment, as knees with partial thickness cartilage loss were found to have worse functional outcomes and almost three-times the reoperation rate, predominantly for unexplained pain. Provided there was full-thickness preserved cartilage laterally and functionally normal ligaments, the presence of lateral osteophytes and the macroscopic status of the anterior cruciate ligament was not found to influence outcomes, nor did the presence of patellofemoral joint disease (with the exception of lateral facet disease with bone loss and grooving) or anterior knee pain. The pathoanatomy of disease can be identified radiologically, however, standing knee radiograph were found to perform poorly. To identify medial compartment full-thickness cartilage loss either a varus stress radiograph or fixed flexion radiograph, both at 20° flexion and aligned to the joint surface, were identified as the optimum views. To confirm preserved lateral compartment full-thickness cartilage a valgus stress radiograph at 20° flexion, aligned to the joint surface, was identified as the most appropriate technique. As stress radiographs are time and resource consuming, a novel stress device was developed in line with the IDEAL-D framework and validated against the gold standard of manual, clinician performed stress radiographs, as well as independently tested in clinical practice. Finally, to simplify patient selection, an atlas based Decision Aid, combined with a structured radiographic assessment, was developed and externally validated with an accuracy of over 90% at identifying suitability for OUKA. The routine use of this approach would be expected to standardise patient selection and ultimately translate into improved long-term outcomes.

Class of 2013 Abstract / Specific Aims:  To determine the efficacy of apixaban when compared to LMWH (enoxaparin) when used as thromboprophylaxis for patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA), total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and medically ill patients  To determine the safety of apixaban when compared to LMWH (enoxaparin) when used as thromboprophylaxis for patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA), total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and medically ill patients Methods: A systematic search of the literature for randomized controlled trials of apixaban thromboprophylaxis therapy versus enoxaparin was conducted using three databases: PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library. Data from five studies with 12,938 total patients were analyzed using Bayesian random effects meta-analysis. To evaluate efficacy, a composite of venous thromboembolism and death during follow-up was measured. To evaluate safety, major and total bleeding events were considered. Main Results: The odds ratio (OR) for the composite outcome of thromboembolism/death was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.33 to 1.29) for apixaban compared to enoxaparin, while there was a similar risk of major bleeding (OR=1.03, 95%CI: 0.36 to 3.73) and total bleeding (OR=0.92, 95%CI: 0.64 to 1.20). Conclusion: These results suggest a lack of clear superiority of apixaban relative to enoxaparin. Apixaban is an oral alternative with similar efficacy and safety to existing anticoagulant therapies.

Study Objective Although data from the Regulation of Coagulation in Orthopedic Surgery to Prevent Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism (RECORD) 1-4 trials have shown a similar postoperative bleeding risk between rivaroxban and enoxaparin in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA), anecdotal observations from local institutions have suggested that postoperative bleeding rates seemed higher in patients who received rivaroxaban than those reported in the RECORD trials. Thus, the objective of this pilot study was to assess postoperative bleeding events observed in clinical practice in patients receiving rivaroxaban after undergoing THA and TKA and to compare their results with those published in the RECORD trials. Design Retrospective cohort study with a comparator group of patients from the RECORD 1-4 trials. Setting Two institutions within a regional health care system. Patients Four hundred forty adults who received at least one dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg daily after undergoing THA or TKA in the two institutions between August 2011 and October 2013 (cohort group), and 6183 patients who received rivaroxaban in the RECORD 1-4 trials (comparator group). Measurements and Main Results Postoperative bleeding was assessed in the cohort patients versus the patients in the RECORD trials. The primary outcome, occurrence of any postoperative bleeding, was a composite of major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding as defined in the RECORD trials. Any postoperative bleeding occurred in 6.8% of the cohort patients versus 3.2% of the RECORD trial patients (p<0.0001); 1.4% of the cohort patients versus 0.38% of the RECORD trial patients suffered a major bleed (p=0.013). Within defined major bleeding, bleeding leading to reoperation and clinically overt extrasurgical site bleeding resulting in either a hemoglobin level decrease of at least 2 g/dl or transfusion of 2 units or greater of packed red blood cells were reported in 0.68% versus 0.19% (p=0.073) and 0.68% versus 0.13% (p=0.032), respectively, of the cohort patients versus the RECORD trial patients. Conclusion Overall, any postoperative bleeding in the cohort patients occurred significantly more frequently than that observed in the RECORD trial patients. The major bleeding rate was also significantly higher in the cohort patients, influenced by higher rates of bleeding leading to reoperation and clinically overt extrasurgical site bleeding resulting in either a hemoglobin decrease of at least 2 g/dl or transfusion of two units or greater of packed red blood cells. These findings from our pilot study are thought provoking and, thus, invite further investigation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第12919号 / 論医博第2094号 / 新制||医||1009(附属図書館) / 32129 / (主査)教授 戸口田 淳也, 教授 妻木 範行, 教授 安達 泰治 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21674号 / 医博第4480号 / 新制||医||1036(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 安達 泰治, 教授 黒田 知宏, 教授 戸口田 淳也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24527号 / 医博第4969号 / 新制||医||1065(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒田 知宏, 教授 大森 孝一, 教授 森本 尚樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM