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In the study of sound identification, land animals such as birds and bats have been well investigated, and so are their habitats. On the other hand, sound making creatures in the ocean are much less researched. In this research, the stress calls of three Holocentridaes, Neoniphon sammara, Myripristis murdjan, and Sargocentron spinosissimum, who are commonly found in coral reefs, were recorded in water tank for analysis of sound characteristics. The averaged characteristic parameters of single pulse among three is around 410 Hz for the peak frequency, 100 Hz for the bandwidth, 0.07 dB/Hz for the slope, and duration of 0.05 s. As for the impulse train, averaged peak frequency is 415 Hz, 55 Hz for the bandwidth, 0.07 dB/Hz for the slope, and duration of 0.5 s. These parameters were first checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test to identify if each parameter follows normal distribution; the slopes of ascending and descending frequency and the total duration are not in normal distribution. The three parameters were later transferred so as to concentrate variances. Next, analysis of variance was applied on all characteristics to extract the significant parameters (including non transferred and transferred data), which were then tested by Stepwise Discriminat and Back-propagation Network. The identification rate of for single pulse with and without data transfer is 63% and 82% while pulse train is 57% and 73%. Both identification rates were raised up approximately 20% due to the data transfer. Both methods provide an reliable tool for marine sound identification, and the whole process of the study may be applied to another biological identification.

Apesar do grau relativamente alto de maturidade existente na área de pesquisa de aprendizado supervisionado em lote, na qual são utilizados dados originários de problemas estacionários, muitas aplicações reais lidam com fluxos de dados cujas distribuições de probabilidade se alteram com o tempo, ocasionando mudanças de conceito. Diversas pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas nos últimos anos com o objetivo de criar modelos precisos mesmo na presença de mudanças de conceito. A maioria delas, no entanto, assume que tão logo um evento seja classificado pelo algoritmo de aprendizado, seu rótulo verdadeiro se torna conhecido. Este trabalho explora as situações complementares, com revisão dos trabalhos mais importantes publicados e análise do impacto de atraso na disponibilidade dos rótulos verdadeiros ou sua não disponibilização. Ainda, propõe um novo algoritmo que reduz drasticamente a complexidade de aplicação do teste de hipótese não-paramétrico Kolmogorov-Smirnov, tornado eficiente seu uso em algoritmos que analisem fluxos de dados. A exemplo, mostramos sua potencial aplicação em um método de detecção de mudança de conceito não-supervisionado que, em conjunto com técnicas de Aprendizado Ativo e Aprendizado por Transferência, reduz a necessidade de rótulos verdadeiros para manter boa performance de um classificador ao longo do tempo, mesmo com a ocorrência de mudanças de conceito. / Despite the relatively maturity of batch-mode supervised learning research, in which the data typifies stationary problems, many real world applications deal with data streams whose statistical distribution changes over time, causing what is known as concept drift. A large body of research has been done in the last years, with the objective of creating new models that are accurate even in the presence of concept drifts. However, most of them assume that, once the classification algorithm labels an event, its actual label become readily available. This work explores the complementary situations, with a review of the most important published works and an analysis over the impact of delayed true labeling, including no true label availability at all. Furthermore, this work proposes a new algorithm that heavily reduces the complexity of applying Kolmogorov- Smirnov non-parametric hypotheis test, turning it into an uselful tool for analysis on data streams. As an instantiation of its usefulness, we present an unsupervised drift-detection method that, along with Active Learning and Transfer Learning approaches, decreases the number of true labels that are required to keep good classification performance over time, even in the presence of concept drifts.

Apesar do grau relativamente alto de maturidade existente na área de pesquisa de aprendizado supervisionado em lote, na qual são utilizados dados originários de problemas estacionários, muitas aplicações reais lidam com fluxos de dados cujas distribuições de probabilidade se alteram com o tempo, ocasionando mudanças de conceito. Diversas pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas nos últimos anos com o objetivo de criar modelos precisos mesmo na presença de mudanças de conceito. A maioria delas, no entanto, assume que tão logo um evento seja classificado pelo algoritmo de aprendizado, seu rótulo verdadeiro se torna conhecido. Este trabalho explora as situações complementares, com revisão dos trabalhos mais importantes publicados e análise do impacto de atraso na disponibilidade dos rótulos verdadeiros ou sua não disponibilização. Ainda, propõe um novo algoritmo que reduz drasticamente a complexidade de aplicação do teste de hipótese não-paramétrico Kolmogorov-Smirnov, tornado eficiente seu uso em algoritmos que analisem fluxos de dados. A exemplo, mostramos sua potencial aplicação em um método de detecção de mudança de conceito não-supervisionado que, em conjunto com técnicas de Aprendizado Ativo e Aprendizado por Transferência, reduz a necessidade de rótulos verdadeiros para manter boa performance de um classificador ao longo do tempo, mesmo com a ocorrência de mudanças de conceito. / Despite the relatively maturity of batch-mode supervised learning research, in which the data typifies stationary problems, many real world applications deal with data streams whose statistical distribution changes over time, causing what is known as concept drift. A large body of research has been done in the last years, with the objective of creating new models that are accurate even in the presence of concept drifts. However, most of them assume that, once the classification algorithm labels an event, its actual label become readily available. This work explores the complementary situations, with a review of the most important published works and an analysis over the impact of delayed true labeling, including no true label availability at all. Furthermore, this work proposes a new algorithm that heavily reduces the complexity of applying Kolmogorov- Smirnov non-parametric hypotheis test, turning it into an uselful tool for analysis on data streams. As an instantiation of its usefulness, we present an unsupervised drift-detection method that, along with Active Learning and Transfer Learning approaches, decreases the number of true labels that are required to keep good classification performance over time, even in the presence of concept drifts.

Orientador: Ernesto Kemp / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T15:51:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bezerra_ThiagoJunqueiradeCastro_M.pdf: 3958606 bytes, checksum: 2103ee29e4d2b1cf0f81e8738d681d27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Reatores nucleares constituem uma profusa fonte de antineutrinos, cujo espectro é determinado pelos decaimentos beta dos isótopos radioativos presentes no combustível nuclear. À medida que o combustível é consumido, sua composição isotópica é alterada, com reflexos diretos no espectro de antineutrinos. Desta forma, investigamos neste trabalho a viabilidade de um detector de neutrinos monitorar o reator de uma usina nuclear, sabendo seu estado de atividade. Também investigamos a evolução temporal da resposta do detector à queima gradual do combustível nuclear. Assim, determinamos o tempo necessário de coleta de dados para identificarmos que o combustível nuclear evoluiu para outra composição, para vários níveis de confiança, com relação ao início de operação da usina. Estes resultados fazem da detecção de antineutrinos de reatores nucleares uma ferramenta adicional para a verificação de salvaguardas nucleares / Abstract: Nuclear reactors are a profuse neutrino source, which spectrum is determined by the beta decay of the fissile isotopes in the nuclear fuel. While the fuel is consumed, the isotopic composition changes, resulting in trends on the neutrino spectrum. So, we investigated in this work the viability of monitoring a reactor of a nuclear power plant with a neutrino detector, knowing its state of activity. We also investigated the temporal evolution of the response time of the detector in function of the gradual burn of the fuel. Therefore, with some confidence levels, we determined the needed time of data taking to identify fuel changes, in a PWR power plant, related to the beginning of operation. Consequently, these results make the detection of antineutrinos of nuclear reactors an additional method to nuclear safeguards / Mestrado / Física das Particulas Elementares e Campos / Mestre em Física

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The relative power of goodness-of-fit test statistics has long been debated in the literature. Chi-Square type test statistics to determine 'fit' for categorical data are still dominant in the goodness-of-fit arena. Empirical Distribution Function type goodness-of-fit test statistics are known to be relatively more powerful than Chi-Square type test statistics for restricted types of null and alternative distributions. In many practical applications researchers who use a standard Chi-Square type goodness-of-fit test statistic ignore the rank of ordinal classes. This thesis reviews literature in the goodness-of-fit field, with major emphasis on categorical goodness-of-fit tests. The continued use of an asymptotic distribution to approximate the exact distribution of categorical goodness-of-fit test statistics is discouraged. It is unlikely that an asymptotic distribution will produce a more accurate estimation of the exact distribution of a goodness-of-fit test statistic than a Monte Carlo approximation with a large number of simulations. Due to their relatively higher powers for restricted types of null and alternative distributions, several authors recommend the use of Empirical Distribution Function test statistics over nominal goodness-of-fit test statistics such as Pearson's Chi-Square. In-depth power studies confirm the views of other authors that categorical Empirical Distribution Function type test statistics do not have higher power for some common null and alternative distributions. Because of this, it is not sensible to make a conclusive recommendation to always use an Empirical Distribution Function type test statistic instead of a nominal goodness-of-fit test statistic. Traditionally the recommendation to determine 'fit' for multivariate categorical data is to treat categories as nominal, an approach which precludes any gain in power which may accrue from a ranking, should one or more variables be ordinal. The presence of multiple criteria through multivariate data may result in partially ordered categories, some of which have equal ranking. This thesis proposes a modification to the currently available Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistics for ordinal and nominal categorical data to account for situations of partially ordered categories. The new test statistic, called the Combined Kolmogorov-Smirnov, is relatively more powerful than Pearson's Chi-Square and the nominal Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic for some null and alternative distributions. A recommendation is made to use the new test statistic with higher power in situations where some benefit can be achieved by incorporating an Empirical Distribution Function approach, but the data lack a complete natural ordering of categories. The new and established categorical goodness-of-fit test statistics are demonstrated in the analysis of categorical data with brief applications as diverse as familiarity of defence programs, the number of recruits produced by the Merlin bird, a demographic problem, and DNA profiling of genotypes. The results from these applications confirm the recommendations associated with specific goodness-of-fit test statistics throughout this thesis.

Cross-sectional surveys are often used in epidemiological studies to identify subjects with a disease. When estimating the survival function from onset of disease, this sampling mechanism introduces bias, which must be accounted for. If the onset times of the disease are assumed to be coming from a stationary Poisson process, this bias, which is caused by the sampling of prevalent rather than incident cases, is termed length-bias. A one-sample Kolomogorov-Smirnov type of goodness-of-fit test for right-censored length-biased data is proposed and investigated with Weibull, log-normal and log-logistic models. Algorithms detailing how to efficiently generate right-censored length-biased survival data of these parametric forms are given. Simulation is employed to assess the effects of sample size and censoring on the power of the test. Finally, the test is used to evaluate the goodness-of-fit using length-biased survival data of patients with dementia from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging.

Cross-sectional surveys are often used in epidemiological studies to identify subjects with a disease. When estimating the survival function from onset of disease, this sampling mechanism introduces bias, which must be accounted for. If the onset times of the disease are assumed to be coming from a stationary Poisson process, this bias, which is caused by the sampling of prevalent rather than incident cases, is termed length-bias. A one-sample Kolomogorov-Smirnov type of goodness-of-fit test for right-censored length-biased data is proposed and investigated with Weibull, log-normal and log-logistic models. Algorithms detailing how to efficiently generate right-censored length-biased survival data of these parametric forms are given. Simulation is employed to assess the effects of sample size and censoring on the power of the test. Finally, the test is used to evaluate the goodness-of-fit using length-biased survival data of patients with dementia from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging.

Cluster analysis is one of the typical tasks in Data Mining, and it groups data objects based only on information found in the data that describes the objects and their relationships. The purpose of this thesis is to verify a modified K-means algorithm in asymmetrical cases, which can be regarded as an extension to the research of Vladislav Valkovsky and Mikael Karlsson in Department of Informatics and Media. In this thesis an experiment is designed and implemented to identify clusters with the modified algorithm in asymmetrical cases. In the experiment the developed Java application is based on knowledge established from previous research. The development procedures are also described and input parameters are mentioned along with the analysis. This experiment consists of several test suites, each of which simulates the situation existing in real world, and test results are displayed graphically. The findings mainly emphasize the limitations of the algorithm, and future work for digging more essences of the algorithm is also suggested.