Magnesium oxide-based additives have been used in kraft recovery boilers to minimize deposit accumulation on superheater and generating bank tubes. Due to inconclusive results observed in boilers and claims made for additive effectiveness backed by little scientific evidence, only a few mills still use the additives for fouling control. A systematic study was performed to examine the effect of MgO-based additives on deposit accumulation and removal under controlled laboratory conditions, and to evaluate the additive effect in a kraft recovery boiler. The results show that while the additive coating has no effect on deposition, it could ease deposit removal if a coating greater than 5 µm can be applied on the tube surface effectively. Separate injection of additive and black liquor had insignificant effect on deposition and removal. Results of the field study show that the amount of additive collected on the tube is too small to have an impact.

Magnesium oxide-based additives have been used in kraft recovery boilers to minimize deposit accumulation on superheater and generating bank tubes. Due to inconclusive results observed in boilers and claims made for additive effectiveness backed by little scientific evidence, only a few mills still use the additives for fouling control. A systematic study was performed to examine the effect of MgO-based additives on deposit accumulation and removal under controlled laboratory conditions, and to evaluate the additive effect in a kraft recovery boiler. The results show that while the additive coating has no effect on deposition, it could ease deposit removal if a coating greater than 5 µm can be applied on the tube surface effectively. Separate injection of additive and black liquor had insignificant effect on deposition and removal. Results of the field study show that the amount of additive collected on the tube is too small to have an impact.

This thesis provides a comparison of the old Planning and Building act (PBA) from 1987 with the new PBA, which entered into force in May 2011. The essay consists of a descriptive part that presents the regulation of both laws. The new PBA consists of several differences compared to previous regulation. This thesis will, however, primarily be centred around the regulation regarding building permit appeals and the possibility of building permit, to gain legal force. In the old PBL, there were no regulations that result in a building permit decision could be made effective. Instead, a building permit could, long after the decision had been made, be over-challenged. This could, in extreme cases, lead to the new building had to be demolished and the rules on appeals of building permits was therefore not safe. To eliminate the problem of appealing far after the decision was made the new PBA introduced rules which made it possible for building permits to gain legal force. The Act aims is to simplify and make the planning application process more effective. By introducing a ruling which means that a building permits can gain legal force, the aims was regarded as fulfilled. The question that arise is whether the new rules are complete and what the consequences of the new rulings are. As mentioned above the rules, which make it possible for a decision to gain legal force, is to simplify and make the building permit process more effective but also to protect the building permit decisions to be appealed afterwards. To simplify and make the rules more effective is something positive. However, there are also some disadvantages. The municipality's costs will be higher by the increased demands on information to interested parties. The legislators believed that there was a need for a rule that allowed a building permit decision to be gain legal force. However, this rule is not considered to be complete. It may still be situations where an appeal against a planning permission decision can be handed in after a long time. This can occur when the local authority (through building committee) make an incorrect judgement, which means that the notification is not done to the people who really have a right to be heard.

Sammanfattning Titel: Strategi för att kommunicera produkten fiberanslutning. Bakgrund: Vem bygger internet i Sverige? Det finns mängder av företag som bygger fibernätverk. Ett utav dessa är Bjäre Kraft Bredband AB. Fibernätverk är den snabbaste och senaste tekniken för dataöverföring. För att fibernätverket skall växa och fastigheter skall ansluta sig krävs en investering från fastighetsägaren för utrustning och grävarbete. Bjäre Kraft Bredband AB måste därför kommunicera fördelarna med fiberanslutning och alla budskap som företaget sänder ut måste peka mot den strategiskt valda inriktningen att bygga ut fibernätverket. Problemfråga: Hur ska strategi för att kommunicera produkten fiberanslutning utformas? Syfte: Syftet är att konstruera en strategi för marknadskommunikation för Bjäre Kraft Bredband AB. Metod: Kvalitativ fallstudie som baseras på öppna ostrukturerade intervjuer med snöbollsurval. Teori: Studiens teoretiska referensram behandlar fenomenet strategi och modeller för hur strategier skapas. Empiri: Utifrån de teoretiska modellerna om hur strategi skapas har empiri insamlats om Bjäre Kraft Bredbands interna och externa förutsättningar för att konstruera en strategi för kommunikation . Slutsats: Bjäre Kraft Bredband bör kommunicera sina styrkor som det kundnära företaget. Alla kommunikation som företaget sänder ut, både medvetna kampanjer och omedvetet i det dagliga arbetet bör peka mot det som företaget satsar på i framtiden, sitt fibernätverk. För att öka sin attraktionskraft på den lokala marknaden bör Bjäre Kraft Bredband AB söka efter strategiska partners. Att använda en specifik slogan eller logotype för fibernätverk istället för att enbart använda koncernens gemensamma logotype skulle göra kommunikationen för fibernätverket tydligare för presumtiva kunder som annars kan associera andra saker med koncernens logotyp. Förslag till fortsatt arbete: Genomföra forskningen ur ett kundperspektiv, eller en jämförande studie mellan företag i branschen med olika ägarformer.

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Mass transport of chemicals into wood is important in kraft pulping. This thesis models small wood particles as cylinders and monitors how tritiated water and sulfide diffuse into the water-filled pores. Tritiated water diffusion is Fickian and diffuses completely into the water contained in the wood. Tortuosity values of the aspen and pine are tabulated. As particle size decreases, the tortuosity of the particles increases. As sulfide diffuses into wood, it is occluded from some water filled areas. Charge exclusion is a possible explanation for this. Sulfide and hydroxide transport into wood chips was displayed using indicators for each component. Pictures show sulfide ingress into the chip core faster, thus confirming the diffusion results. Fractionated sawdust was pulped to determine particle size effect on cooking and pulp properties.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1939. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves : 52-53).

Zugl.: Karlsruhe, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Zugl.: Berlin, Techn. University, Diss.

Zugl.: Dresden, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2006