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Islands under threat : heterotopia and the disintegration of the ideal in Joseph Conrad's Heart of darkness, Antjie Krog's Country of my skull and Irvan Welsh's Marabou stork nightmaresPieterse, Annel 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The stories and histories of the human race are littered with the remnants of
utopia. These utopias always exist in some "far away" place, whether this place
be removed in terms of time (either as a nostalgically remembered past, or an
idealistically projected future), or in terms of space (as a place that one must
arrive at). In our attempts to attain these utopias, we construct our worlddefinitions
in accordance with our projections of these ideal places and ways of
"being". Our discourses come to embody and perpetuate these ideals, which are
maintained by excluding any definitions of the world that run counter to these
ideals. The continued existence of utopia relies on the subjects of that utopia
continuing their belief in its ideals, and not questioning its construction.
Counter-discourse to utopia manifests in the same space as the original utopia
and gives rise to questions that threaten the stability of the ideal. Questions
challenge belief, and therefore the discourse of the ideal must neutralise those
who question and challenge it. This process of neutralisation requires that more
definitions be constructed within utopian discourse - definitions that allow the
subjects of the discourse to objectify the questioner. However, as these new
definitions arise, they create yet more counter-definitions, thereby increasing the
fragmentation of the aforementioned space. A subject of any "dominant" discourse, removed from that discourse, is exposed
to the questions inherent in counter-discourse. In such circumstances, the
definitions of the questioner - the "other" - that have previously enabled the
subject to disregard the questioner's existence and/or point of view are no longer
reinforced, and the subject begins to question those definitions. Once this
questioning process starts, the utopia of the subject is re-defined as dystopia, for
the questioning highlights the (often violent) methods of exclusion needed to
maintain that utopia.
Foucault's theory of heterotopia, used as the basis for the analysis of the three
texts in question, suggests a space in which several conflicting and contradictory
discourses which seemingly bear no relation to each other are found grouped
together. Whereas utopia sustains myth in discourse, running with the grain of
language, heterotopias run against the grain, undermining the order that we
create through language, because they destroy the syntax that holds words and
things together.
The narrators in the three texts dealt with are all subjects of dominant discourses
sustained by exclusive definitions and informed by ideals that require this
exclusion in order to exist. Displaced into spaces that subvert the definitions
within their discourses, the narrators experience a sense of "madness", resulting
from the disintegration of their perception of "order". However, through embracing
and perpetuating that which challenged their established sense of identity, the narrators can regain their sense of agency, and so their narratives become
vehicles for the reconstitution of the subject-status of the narrators, as well as a
means of perpetuating the counter-discourse. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Utopias spikkel die landskap van menseheugenis as plekke in "lank lank gelede"
of "eendag", in "n land baie ver van hier", en is dus altyd verwyderd van die
huidige, óf in ruimte, óf in tyd. In ons strewe na die ideale, skep ons definisies
van die wêreld wat in voeling is met hierdie idealistiese plekke en
bestaanswyses. Sulke definisies sypel deur die diskoers, of taal, waarmee ons
ons omgewing beskryf. Die ideale wat dan in die diskoers omvat word, word
onderhou deur die uitsluiting van enige definisie wat teenstrydig is met dié in die
idealistiese diskoers. Die volgehoue bestaan van utopie berus daarop dat die
subjekte van daardie utopie voortdurend glo in die ideale voorgehou in en
onderhou deur die diskoers, en dus nie die diskoers se konstruksie bevraagteken
nie.
Die manifestering van teen-diskoers in dieselfde ruimte as die utopie, gee
aanleiding tot vrae wat die bestaan van die ideaal bedreig omdat geloof in die
ideaal noodsaaklik is vir die ideaal se voortbestaan. Aangesien bevraagtekening
dikwels geloof uitdaag en ontwrig, lei dit daartoe dat die diskoers wat die ideaal
onderhou, diegene wat dit bevraagteken, neutraliseer. Hierdie
neutraliseringsproses behels die vorming van nog definisies binne die diskoers
wat die vraagsteller objektiveer. Die vorming van nuwe definisies loop op sy
beurt uit op die vorming van teen-definisies wat bloot verdere verbrokkeling van
die voorgenoemde ruimte veroorsaak. "n Subjek van die "dominante" diskoers van die utopie wat hom- /haarself buite
die spergebiede van sy/haar diskoers bevind, word blootgestel aan vrae wat in
teen-diskoers omvat word. In sulke omstandighede is die subjek verwyder van
die versterking van daardie definisies wat die vraagsteller - die "ander" - se
opinies of bestaan as nietig voorgestel het, en die subjek mag dan hierdie
definisies bevraagteken. Sodra hierdie proses begin, vind "n herdefinisie van
ruimte plaas, en utopie word distopie soos die vrae (soms geweldadige)
uitsluitingsmetodes wat die onderhoud van die ideaal behels, aan die lig bring en,
in sommige gevalle, aan die kaak stel.
Hierdie tesis gebruik Foucault se teorie van "heterotopia" om die drie tekste te
analiseer. Dié teorie veronderstel "n ruimte waarin die oorvleueling van verskeie
teenstrydighede (diskoerse) plaasvind. Waar utopie die bestaan van fabels en
diskoerse akkommodeer, ondermyn heterotopia die orde wat ons deur taal en
definisie skep omdat dit die sintaks vernietig wat woorde aan konsepte koppel.
Die drie vertellers is elkeen "n subjek van "n "dominante diskoers" wat onderhou
word deur uitsluitende definisies in "n utopia waar die voortgesette bestaan van
die ideale wat in die diskoers omvat word op eksklusiwiteit staatmaak. Omdat die
vertellers verplaas is na ruimtes wat hulle eksklusiewe definisies omverwerp,
vind hulle dat hulle aan "n soort waansin grens wat veroorsaak is deur die
verbrokkeling van hul sin van "orde". Deur die teen-diskoers in hul stories in te bou as verteltaal, of te implementeer as die meganisme van oordrag, kan die
vertellers hul "selfsin" herwin. Deur vertelling hervestig die vertellers dus hul
status as subjek, en verseker hulle hul plek in die opkomende diskoers deur
middel van hulle voortsetting daarvan.
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Literary non-fiction and the unstable fault line of the imaginative and the reportorial : Antjie Krog’s, Country of my skull, Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela’s, A human being died that night and Sindiwe Magona’s, Mother to motherFransman, Jolene 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the representation of personal narrative and nationhood within the genre of literary non-fiction written around the theme of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The texts to be examined are Antjie Krog‟s, Country of My Skull, Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela‟s A Human Being Died That Night and Sindiwe Magona‟s Mother to Mother.
The texts by Krog and Gobodo-Madikizela tell the story of apartheid‟s legacy from two different viewpoints. Their texts are filled with spatial patches of personal narrative which emphasize the impact apartheid had on two different South African cultures, thereby linking the personal to the national by exploring a subjective truth in their narratives. Both these authors were involved with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in a professional capacity and through their respective ideologies the psyche of the apartheid perpetrator is examined, interrogated and analysed. Within the genre of literary non-fiction these two writers grapple with capturing the real, the objective, but simultaneously insist on doing so from a subjective vantage point.
Sindiwe Magona‟s, Mother to Mother also centres on the theme of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and on the psyche of the perpetrator. This time, however, the perpetrator‟s psyche is explored through the lens of a narrator-mother in an address to the victim‟s mother. The most significant difference between this text and the other two is that the Magona text provides a fictional account of the TRC case in question. The ethical implications of a literary text with documentary subject matter, of a text that explores the intersections between fiction and non-fiction, surfaces again, and to a larger extent than in the other two texts, thereby further unsettling the line between the reportorial and the imaginative. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die verteenwoordiging van persoonlike vertelling en nasieskap in die genre van die literêre nie-fiksie wat geskryf is om die tema van die Waarheids-en Versoeningskommissie (WVK). Die tekste wat ondersoek word is Antjie Krog se Country of My Skull, Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela se A Human Being Died That Night en Sindiwe Magona se Mother to Mother.
Die tekste van Krog en Gobodo-Madikizela vertel die storie van apartheid-nalatenskap uit twee verskillende standpunte. Hul tekste bestaan uit gereelde ruimtelike kolle van persoonlike verhaal wat die impak van apartheid op twee verskillende kulture van die land beklemtoon om sodoende die persoonlike aan die nasionale te koppel en „n subjektiewe waarheid van hul narratiewe na vore te bring. Albei hierdie skrywers was in 'n professionele hoedanigheid betrokke by die WVK en deur hulle onderskeie ideologieë word die psige van die apartheid oortreder ondersoek, ondervra en ontleed. Dit is binne literêre nie-fiksie waar hierdie twee skrywers swoeg om die werklike en objektiewe ten toon te stel terwyl hulle dit terseldertyd vanuit „n subjektiewe oogpunt wil benader.
Sindiwe Magona se Mother to Mother draai ook om die tema van die Waarheids-en Versoeningskommissie en die psige van die oortreder. Hierdie keer, egter, is die oortreder-psige ondersoek deur die lens van 'n verteller-ma in 'n toespraak aan die slagoffer se ma. Die belangrikste verskil tussen hierdie teks en die ander twee is dat die Magona teks 'n fiktiewe vertelling bied van die WVK saak betrokke in hierdie geval. Die etiese implikasies van 'n literêre teks met 'n dokumentêre onderwerp kom weer na vore en tot 'n groter mate as die ander twee tekste, en daardeur word die fyn lyn van die literêre genres met 'n dokumentêre onderwerp omver gegooi.
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Writing, reading ... reconciliation? : the role of literature in post-apartheid South AfricaBonthuys, Eugene 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Socially responsible writing has been a feature of South African literature for many
years. Under apartheid, many novels dealt with apartheid, as it was one of the main
features of our social landscape. The end of apartheid did not however bring about the
end of a need for socially responsible writing. South Africa is still faced with many
problems, one of which is reconciliation. This thesis investigates whether
reconciliation may have become a new theme in South African novels, and whether
these novels could playa role in assisting the process of reconciliation in the country.
For this purpose, three South African works are analysed, namely Country of My
Skull by Antjie Krog, Smell of Apples by Mark Behr and Disgrace by J .M. Coetzee.
The introduction attempts to explain the psychological discourse surrounding
reconciliation, especially Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and parallels that
may exists. The main body presents detailed readings of the three works, with the
focus being on the presentation of reconciliation in the works, and the role that the
individual works could play in assisting the reader in coming to terms with his or her
feelings of guilt. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vir baie jare was apartheid die onderwerp van baie Suid Afrikaanse skrywers
aangesien dit die mees problematiese element van Suid Afrikaanse samelewing was.
Die einde van apartheid het egter nie die einde van alle probleme beteken nie. Een
van die belangrike probleme is versoening. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die moontlikheid
dat versoening die nuwe tema in Suid Afrikaanse letterkunde geword het en ofhierdie
werke 'n bydrae kan lewer tot werklike versoening. Vir hierdie doel word drie werke
behandel, naamlik Country of My Skull deur Antjie Krog, Smell of Apples deur Mark
Behr en Disgrace deur J .M. Coetzee.
Die inleiding poog om die sielkundige diskoers om versoening te verduidelik, veral
rondom posttraumatiese stres, en die ooreenkomste wat mag voorkom. Die hoofdeel
van die tesis bestaan uit 'n diepgaande bespreking van die drie werke, met die fokus
op versoening in die werk, maar ook die rol wat die werke kan speel om die leser deur
sy ofhaar skuld gevoelens te help.
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