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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The role of the M2C region of the K+ translocating subunit KtrB of the Ktr system of Vibrio alginolyticus

Hänelt, Inga 30 September 2010 (has links)
The KtrAB system of Vibrio alginolyticus is a sodium-dependent potassium transport system. KtrB, the membrane integral and K+ translocating subunit of the KtrAB complex, belongs to a superfamily of K+ transporter (SKT). These proteins are likely to have evolved from simple K+ channels of the M1PM2 type like KcsA by multiple gene duplication and gene fusion. They share a so called fourfold M1PM2-motif, in which two transmembrane helices (M1 and M2) are connected by a p-loop (P), which folds half back into the membrane. Comparing members of this superfamily with the K+ channel KcsA for structural predictions a striking amino acid sequence in helix M2C was found. In VaKtrB the first part of this helix, M2C1, consists of 12 hydrophobic amino acids and is expected to form an α-helix. The following very flexible and hydrophilic part, M2C2, with many glycines and small, partly polar amino acids is not supposed to have a helical conformation. By contrast, the last part, M2C3, shows a partial amphipathic and α-helical character, followed by three positive charged amino acids (R341, K343, K344) which are consistent with the "positive inside rule" and should be localized in the cytoplasm. Due to these findings Durell and Guy in 1999 hypothesised two possible folding models for segments PC and M2C but till now the conformation of this part remains unclear. In this thesis the role of the M2C region was studied in more detail. Point and partial to complete deletions in M2C2 led to a huge increase in Vmax for K+ transport while the affinity for potassium and the sodium transport properties were unaffected. Together with some PhoA-fusion studies which indicated that M2C2 forms a flexible structure within the membrane these data were interpreted to mean that M2C2 forms a flexible gate controlling K+ translocation at the cytoplasmic side of KtrB. This hypothesis was confimed by EPR measurements of single and double spin-labeled cysteine variants of KtrB. It was shown that M2C2 forms a loop inside the cavity of the protein. Upon the addition of K+ ions M2C2 residue T318R1 moved both with respect to M2B residue D222R1 and to M2C3 residue V331, but not with respect to M2C1 residue M311R1. Other residues within M2B, M2C1 and M2C3 did not move with respect to each other. With the help of a rotamer library analysis the measured distances were used to propose two new models for the structure of the M2C2 gate inside the KtrB protein in a closed conformation in the absence of K+ ion and in an open conformation in the presence of K+ ions. Since a flexible gate like M2C2 is missing in potassium channels, it is interpreted to be a transporter-specific structure. In the context of the analysis of the role of M2C2 in purified and reconstituted KtrB by biochemical and biophysical approaches a protocol for the overproduction, purification and reconstitution of natively folded, active protein was developed. In addition, results obtained from static light scattering measurements are shown in order to gain information about the oligomeric state of single subunits as well as of the assembled KtrAB complex.
2

Topologiestudien an der Domäne MPMC der membranständigen Untereinheit B des Kplus-Aufnahmesystems KtrAB aus Vibrio alginolyticus

Vor der Brüggen, Marc 01 August 2007 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Struktur der Untereinheit B des natriumabhängigen Kplus-Aufnahmesystems KtrAB aus Vibrio alginolyticus. Sie gehört zu einer Superfamilie von Kaliumtransportproteinen, die auf der im KcsA-Kanal gefundenen MPM-Topologie beruht. Eine MPM-Domäne besteht aus zwei Transmenbranhelices, die durch einen in die Membran zurückgefalteten P-Loop verbunden sind. Im KcsA-Kanal arrangieren sich vier dieser Untereinheiten um eine zentrale Pore. Im Unterschied zum KcsA-Kanal aus S. lividans sind in dieser Superfamilie die MPM-Domänen durch cytoplasmatische Loops miteinander verbunden. Die KtrB-Topologie beruht zur Zeit nur auf Modellen und wird in dieser Arbeit genauer untersucht. Dabei konnte die MPM-Faltung mittels PhoA-Fusionen für die Bereiche B-D von VaKtrB bestätigt, und die sogenannte Turret -Struktur, wie sie im KcsA-Kanal gefunden wurde, nachgewiesen werden. Bei Modellierungstudien der KtrB-Topologie fiel im Besonderen die M2C-Helix auf, woraufhin Durell und Guy drei Unterteilungen für diesen Bereich vorschlugen: M2C1: alpha-Helix; M2C2: flexibler Bereich; M2C3: teilweise amphiphile Helix. Es herrschen zwei Modelle dieser Helix vor, wobei sie sich vor allem in der Lokalisation von M2C2 und M2C3 unterscheiden. Im ersten bildet M2C2 einen gestreckten Übergang von M2C1 zu M2C3, die waagerecht in die Membranoberfläche eingelagert ist. Im 2. Modell liegt M2C2 innerhalb der Kavität als Schleife vor und M2C3 steckt senkrecht in der Membranoberfläche. Die in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Daten (Cysteinzugänglichkeit für Maleimide, PhoA-Fusionen, ESR-Spektroskopie) erhärten das 1. Modell und unterstützen die These, dass M2C2 einen flexiblen Bereich innerhalb von M2C bildet, der wichtig für den Transport bzw. dessen Regulation ist. Die Faltung der M2C-Helix konnte allerdings nicht abschließend geklärt werden. Desweiteren deuten die Daten dieser Arbeit auf eine wässrige Verbindung bis tief in KtrB vom Periplasma her hin.

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