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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Delta-Notch Signaling: Functional and Mechanistic Studies of Receptor and Ligand Proteolysis and Endocytosis

Delwig, Anton 10 September 2008 (has links)
Delta-Notch signaling is crucial for development of nearly every tissue in metazoans. Signals received by the Notch receptor influence transcription of select target genes that ultimately restrict the developmental fate of the signal receiving cell with respect to its neighbors. The Notch pathway also functions in contexts of abnormal proliferation and differentiation, e.g. cancer and inflammation. Therefore, understanding the regulation of signaling through the Notch receptor protein at the cellular and molecular level is of great significance. In this dissertation, I investigated three ways in which Notch signaling is regulated, namely (1) proteolysis of the Delta ligand; (2) endocytosis of the Delta ligand; and (3) proteolysis of the Notch receptor.. The Delta protein has three functions. First, Delta is a ligand for Notch when bound to it from an adjacent cell. Second, Delta is an inhibitor of Notch when coexpressed with it in the same cell. Third, Delta is hypothesized to be a receptor and, upon binding to Notch, signals to nucleus. Delta undergoes proteolysis by ADAM proteases and there are two contradictory models for the role of Delta cleavage: (1) cleavage disables Delta function; and (2) cleavage activates Delta function. Overall, the results presented in this dissertation strengthen the first model and weaken the second one. Consistent with the first model, we showed that preventing Delta cleavage strengthens its ligand function. As well, when co-expressed in the same with Notch, Delta cleavage is upregulated therefore disabling Delta function as inhibitor of Notch. In contrast to the second model, we showed that Delta proteolysis does not follow a previously established pattern of cleavages typical of cell surface proteins that are activated by proteolysis. Delta also undergoes endocytosis. Two general models have emerged that are again contradictory: (1) endocytosis downregulates cell surface expression of Delta and therefore diminishes its ability to bind Notch; (2) endocytosis of Delta invokes activation of Notch signaling. Overall, our results strengthen the first model and weaken the second one. In support of the first model, we first demonstrated that Notch activation shows a linear relationship to the amount of Delta ligand present on the cell surface and that subsequent inhibition of cell surface expression of Delta leads to its loss of function. In contrast to the second model, we showed that endocytosis of Delta is not required to activate Notch. We also resolved that earlier evidence in support for this model stemmed from misinterpretations of the properties of a Delta mutant protein. Proteolysis of Notch activates the signaling cascade. Binding of Delta to Notch was previously regarded as a requisite regulatory step to invoke receptor proteolysis. We identified the ability of Kuzbanian and TACE, ADAM proteases that cleave Notch in response to Delta stimulation, to activate Notch in a ligand-independent manner. Altogether, our results demonstrate that proteolysis and endocytosis of Delta are independent mechanisms that act to downregulate Delta function and are therefore an important means of attenuating the Notch signal. Alternatively, we find a novel means of enhancing Notch signals in specific contexts, namely through ligand-independent Notch activation by the ADAMs Kuzbanian and TACE. With respect to the latter observation, Kuzbanian and TACE expression is known to be elevated in several human diseases, and thus predicts that engagement of Notch signaling is a contributing factor in these pathologies.
2

Analyse der Funktion von Kuzbanian und Uncoordinated 5 während der Herzzelldeterminierung und Herzlumenbildung von Drosophila melanogaster

Albrecht, Stefanie 24 January 2011 (has links)
Die Kardiogenese kann speziesübergreifend in eine distinkte Abfolge von dynamischen Entwicklungsphasen unterteilt werden. In frühen Stadien der Vertebraten-Herzentwicklung wie auch bei Drosophila melanogaster beginnt die Organogenese des Herzens mit der Selektion und Spezifizierung der Herzvorläuferzellen aus bilateral angelegtem, mesodermalem Gewebe. Anschließend resultiert die Differenzierung der determinierten Herzvorläuferzellen in bilateralen Reihen spezifischer Herzzellgruppen. Die Herzzellen migrieren in dorsale Richtung aufeinander zu und assemblieren zu einem Herzrohr. Diese dynamischen Prozesse unterliegen einem komplexen Netzwerk an hoch konservierten Regulationsmechanismen. In der vorliegenden Dissertation konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Metalloprotease Kuzbanian/ADAM10 eine Rolle während der Kardiogenese von Drosophila spielt, in dem sie die Selektion der Herzzellvorläufer aus dem kardialen Mesoderm steuert. Durch die unterbleibende Prozessierung des Notch-Rezeptors in kuzbanian Mutanten wird eine Überzahl an Herzvorläuferzellen determiniert. Weiterhin ist die Notch-abhängige asymmetrische Zellteilung in kuzbanian Mutanten fehlreguliert. Die perikardialen Herzzelllinien verschieben sich zu Gunsten der kardialen Herzzellen und resultieren in einer Hyperplasie der Kardiomyozyten. Eine weitere Phase der Kardiogenese in Drosophila ist die korrekte Ausbildung des Herzrohres und die damit einhergehenden Herzlumenbildung. Durch das Herzlumen kann die Hämolymphe durch das Herzrohr in den Körper des Tieres gepumpt werden. Die Bildung des Lumens bedingt eine stereotype Zellformänderung der Kardiomyozyten. Diese Modulierung der Zellform resultiert in halbmondförmigen Kardiomyozyten, die dorsal und ventral miteinander in Kontakt treten und so einen zentralen, luminalen Bereich umschließen – das Herzlumen. Das Rezeptor/Liganden-Paar Uncoordinated 5 (Unc5) und NetrinB ist für die korrekte Ausbildung der luminalen Kardiomyozytenseite notwendig. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein Fehlen von Unc5 oder NetrinB die Kardiomyozyten in einer runden Zellform verbleiben lässt. Die Kardiomyozyten lagern sich entlang ihrer gesamten Kontaktfläche aneinander ohne dass ein Lumen entsteht. Lebendbeobachtungen an unc5 Mutanten zeigten, dass das Fehlen des Herzlumens zu einem kompletten Verlust des Hämolymphstroms führt.

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