MTech. / This study discusses factors that impact on the implementation of sustainable design in KwaZulu-Natal. It aims to establish the interior design profession‟s understanding of sustainable design both nationally and internationally, and to identify factors that influence their sustainable design practices within an identified region in South Africa. A qualitative research approach was employed, and an interpretive paradigm chosen as the theoretical framework of the study. Data comprised of ten discursively orientated semi-structured individual interviews and focus group interviews. The research design consists of the collection, categorisation and analysis of data, as well as a review of the findings in relation to current literature. Conclusions showed that education and experience informs designer‟s understanding and values towards sustainable design. Designers‟ understanding and sustainable design values affect their behaviour, attitudes, and likelihood of practice in accordance with the constitution, legislation, policy and building regulations. These in turn determine whether they are blocked by barriers, by chance overcome barriers to find solutions, or strive to find solutions to overcome barriers. Barriers to sustainable interior design include education, cost, products and materials, rating tools and the client. Solutions that were established include improved knowledge of sustainable design, a change in the cost perception, improved knowledge and scope of products and materials, and educating the client.

A bucket sanitation system is being replaced by waterborne sanitation at an apartheid created town called Ekuvukeni near Ladysmith in KwaZulu Natal. This study examines the reasons for upgrading sanitation at Ekuvukeni from a bucket system to a waterborne system, the problems and issues surrounding this project and the likely consequences for Ekuvukeni and the surrounding environment.. The study found that complex political and structural issues and problems have developed around sanitation at Ekuvukeni. These together with other software issues related to sanitation in the South African context have not been adequately considered. The result is that there are many uncertainties which increase the risk of waterborne sanitation system failure and this in turn, would have ' disastrous consequences for the people of Ekuvukeni and the surrounding environment. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

This study aims to expose the impact of racial separation policies on the spatial distribution of the population groups in Natal/ KwaZulu, and on Black urbanisation, within a core-periphery framework. Chapter One focuses on global population and urbanisation trends to highlight the difference between First and Third World characteristics, and applies the First and Third World distinction to South Africa. Chapter Two outlines the impact of colonialism, apartheid and separate development on the spatial distribution of the population in South Africa, and especially Natal/KwaZulu. Chapter Three discusses the Friedmann core-periphery model, and the application of the core-periphery model to the Southern African region, as well as the modernisation/dependency debate in terms of its impact on shaping differing perspectives of the relationship between core and peripheral regions a8d perspectives of the urbanisation process. Chapter Four is comprised of an empirical examination of the coreperiphery structure of the Natal/KwaZulu regional economy, and the core-periphery distribution of its population settlement, both between and within such, regions, as well as the geographical distribution of the types of population settlements and the size of the urban population. An assessment of the size and distribution of the population in the Durban Functional Region is also made. Chapter Five draws the main conclusions of the previous Chapters together, critically examines the validity of the Friedmann model in terms of its application to the Southern African and Natal/ KwaZulu regions and discusses the development/underdevelopment relationship between Natal and KwaZulu and its implications for the immediate future. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1989.

The tourism industry has emerged as one of the key economic drivers in Africa and remains as one of the few growth industries in the world. The industry has well-documented, significant socio-economic and environmental impacts, many of which are not positive and result in enduring problems at destinations. This is particularly acute in countries such as South Africa where socio-economic inequities are high and historical patterns of development have resulted in most people being marginal from the tourism sector. The accommodation sector is one of the main players in terms of tourism and benefits the most from this industry. However, very few studies have critically examined this sector in terms of environmental management. It is the lacunae in the research that this study aims to address. The main objectives of the study were to investigate the nature and extent of environmental management in hotels and lodges in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The primary data collection was undertaken via the use of surveys to 60 accommodation managers and 400 hotel guests. In-depth interviews were also undertaken with key tourism industry stakeholders. The main findings of the research indicated that although participants were aware of the detrimental environmental impacts of the accommodation sector, environmental management programs were very much in its infancy. Hotel managers were enthusiastic about environmental management but were unable to implement environmental programs and actions due to a number of challenges and constraints. Environmental issues were also not a high priority for hotel guests in the study. The study concludes that environmental issues in the accommodation sector needs to be re-examined and measures need to be put in place to address the sector’s negative impact on the environment. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

The Jurassic Rooi Rand dolerite dyke swarm was emplaced sub-parallel to the Lebombo Monocline during the initial stages of Gondwana breakup. The dykes extend northwards from the southern Lebombo region in northern KwaZulu-Natal, into central Swaziland, spanning a distance of approximately 200 kilometres with a width between 10 and 22 kilometres. Detailed mapping of a 600m-Iong section on the Pongolo River, established at least eleven phases of intrusion. Each dyke age was systematically sampled and analysed for whole-rock major, trace and rare earth element composition, as well as mineral chemistry. Selected samples were analysed for stable isotopes. In addition to notable intra-dyke chemical variations, there is also a high degree of inter-dyke mineralogical and geochemical variation, each dyke age bearing distinct geochemical characteristics. The apparent geochemical trend is not one of simple fractionation with time. Dyke chemistries are closely linked to magma genesis and magma volumes with time. Evolution of the magmas may be described in terms of varying degrees of partial melting and fractional crystallization, with a small degree of crustal contamination. Major, trace and rare earth element data indicate a lithospheric mantle source for the majority of dyke phases, and an asthenospheric source for only two of the eleven ages. Contrary to this, isotopic data (oxygen and radiogenic) indicate an enriched asthenospheric source for all the dolerites. This suggests that all ages may have originally been derived from the asthenosphere, with the majority of ages being intruded into the lithospheric mantle to later undergo partial melting and fractional crystallization, with some contamination. Previous studies assumed an asthenospheric source with depleted MORB-like rare earth element profiles to be representative for the majority of Rooi Rand dolerites. The Rooi Rand dolerites appear to display a geochemical link with the southern Sabie River Basalt Formation, as well as the Lebombo rhyolites. Magmatic evolution of the dykes was intimately linked to the initial rifting processes of lithospheric stretching and asthenospheric upwelling, which in this case concluded in a classic failed rift situation. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1996.

This research measures and evaluates the impact of the Expanded Public Works Programmes on job creation in the Zululand District in order to guide government in developing a policy that will assist future job creation programmes. The Provincial government has prioritized poverty reduction and job creation as key focus areas in Kwazulu - Natal. This study attempts to determine whether the Expanded Public Works Programme contributes towards job creation and economic growth. The study was limited to the area of the Zululand District Municipality. This research was quantitative in nature in order to meet the objectives of the study which relates to impacts of the Expanded Public Works Programme on job creation. Statistics will be used to justify the conclusions drawn about the percentage increase in employment creation in the area. . The sample was a representative of the population of the area under study. Efforts were made to eliminate any ambiguity in the questionnaires. As training of people on the Expanded Public Works Programme is often conducted in less than six months and as the training is often not accredited, it is concluded that the jobs created by the Expanded Public Works Programme in the Zululand District Municipality are not sustainable. A high percentage of people worked on the Expanded Public Works Programme projects. Although these jobs are not sustainable, they do contribute towards the reduction of unemployment during the construction phase of the project. Most people agree with and support the Expanded Public Works Programme as a successful programme that gives hope for job creationThe output and impact of the Expanded Public Works Programme on skills training, monthly gross household income, daily wage, sustainable jobs and reduction in unemployment is shown to be minimal or not having a very noticeable impact.. Registered institutions under the Department of Education should be used to conduct training on these projects so that the level of training received can be consistent for all people trained / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.

This study provides information on the age and growth of two important Iinefish species, Scomberomorus pluriline~tus and Polysteganus undulosus. Age determination for both species was carried out using otoliths and growth was modelled using age- and length-based methods. For the age-based method various growth models were evaluated to determine which growth function best described the age-length data, whilst Shepherd's Length Composition Analysis was used to estimate growth parameters from length-frequency data. Preliminary stock assessments, based on limited catch data, were also attempted for both species. Age estimates for the pelagic migrant S. plurilineatus, derived from reading whole otoliths, ranged from 0 + to 6 + years. As validation by marginal increment analysis was inconclusive because of the seasonal occurrence of this species in KwaZulu-Natal waters, it was assumed that a single opaque band was laid down in the otolith annually. Reproducibility of age estimates evaluated using the average percentage error (APE) technique was good (9.4%). Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were poorly estimated from length-frequency data because multiple maxima were encountered on the fitting surface. However, from the age-length data, growth was adequately modelled by the von Bertalanffy growth equation: L t =9 3 5mmFL (l-e -0. 583yr-1 (t+o. 991yr) ) S. p!urilineatus are fully recruited to the fishery at the age of 1 + year and the ageiv at-50% maturity is 2 + years. Preliminary per-recruit analyses indicated that the spawner biomass of S. plurilineatus is at 50% of its unfished level. Polysteganus undulosus is an endemic, reef-dwelling sparid and large catches weremade earlier in the century. Age determination was carried out using sectioned otoliths collected in 1962 and 1963 before the collapse of the fishery. Age estimates ranged from 3 + to 20 + years. Marginal increment analysis indicated that active deposition of opaque bands occurred during winter but, because of the seasonal occurrence of P. undulosus in KwaZulu-Natal, validation was inconclusive. Reproducibility of the age estimates was low (APE = 18.2%) because of difficulties with band interpretation as a result of stacking on otolith margins in old fish. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters could not be adequately estimated from length frequency data because of the slow growth and longevity of this species. However, from the age-length data, no difference in growth rate between the sexes was observed, and growth for the combined sexes is described by the following logistic equation: L = 942mmTL t 1+e-O.277yr-l(t-S.178yrs) The age at full recruitment was found to be 12 + years and the age-at-50% maturity was 8.8 years. A preliminary stock assessment revealed that the spawner biomass of P. undulosus was already at 25% of its unfished level in the early 1960s. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1996.

The KwaZulu-Natal Bight is influenced by various nutrient inputs from the Thukela River and particular oceanographic features of the shelf such as the St Lucia upwelling cell and the Durban lee eddy that are in turn associated with Agulhas Current behaviour. Little is known about KZN Bight community dynamics of most faunal groups and so knowledge about the ecological functioning of this system as a whole is lacking. To address this, a large multidisciplinary project on the Bight was conducted through the African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme. One aim of the programme was to establish whether nutrient inputs have significant impacts on this oligotrophic shelf and if so, how? This study looked at the macrobenthic compartment to examine variations in diversity across the KZN Bight in the midshelf habitat only. Changes in diversity were explained in relation to important habitat and/or process drivers. Replicated biological and sediment samples were collected in and between the three focus areas of high nutrient input along the Bight spanning an area from Durban to just south of the St Lucia Estuary mouth. Samples were collected twice at the same stations, once during a wet period (February 2010) and once during a dry period (August 2010). These periods were selected to represent high and low outflow and thus potentially higher and lower nutrient inputs to the Bight, respectively. Macrobenthos collected by 0.2m2 Van Veen grab were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and resulting data were analysed using combinations of univariate and multivariate statistical procedures. Diversity was described using well-published techniques that related to community Alpha () and Beta (β) diversity and including several newer methods such as Taxonomic Diversity indices (Taxonomic Distinctness (Δ*), Average Taxonomic Distinctness (Δ+), Variation in Taxonomic Distinctness (Λ+)) to determine the taxonomic relatedness of macrobenthic communities within the study area. Midshelf macrobenthic community  and β diversity was highly variable across the shelf with no distinct patterns related to focus area. Diversity values were however similar to values obtained in what are considered highly diverse tropical and high latitude shelves. Diversity was then related to hydrographic parameters measured on the Bight to understand the possible indirect or direct roles the Agulhas Current and Thukela River have in maintaining the macrobenthos. Findings were that diversity was only weakly related to measured environmental variables suggesting far more complex interactions in the biophysical environment of the Bight. This was highlighted by the finding that alpha and beta diversity measures had complimentary relationships as an inverse trend was found between these measures along the KZN Bight. Thus, more detailed systematic studies on the Bight are needed to fully understand the role and supply of nutrients on specific communities and how these pertain to the ecological function of the whole shelf ecosystem. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2010

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD (Community Psychology) in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2013. / The purpose of this presentation is to share some ideas on the continuing challenges facing English speaking psychologists in the province of KwaZulu Natal working inter-racially and how it affects the therapeutic relationship as a whole. A convenient sample of five psychologists was drawn from general and psychiatric hospitals as well as those working in private practice. The target population for this study included White and Indian psychologists. Eight participants were selected for this study. The transcripts of three participants were eventually abandoned due to poor quality of the taped interview. All the participants had experience in working with diverse cultures and people who are speaking isiZulu. A discourse analytic approach was employed to understand the complicated language phenomenon in sharing sensitive and confidential material. The rationale of the study was to look at the extent to which psychologists from different cultural and diverse language backgrounds make sense of language and cultural diversity in their therapeutic relationship. There were interesting dynamics that came up from the data collected as follows: From the results it was identified that patients are disadvantaged of the psychological services because of the language they do and do not speak. In general, the study found that English speaking psychologists experience serious challenges when they have to conduct psychotherapy and other related activities with non-English speaking patients or clients. The study found that the issue of working with interpreters continues to be faced with many uncertainties. While the interpretation process is by no means ideal for carrying out psychotherapeutic work, however, it can go a long way in creating access to psychological services. This study has demonstrated that psychotherapy can be implemented successfully through using interpreters, until such time that the system is able to produce psychologists that are adequately proficient in different indigenous languages spoken in South Africa. v Finally, the researcher hopes that this study will offer suggestions to psychology as a profession and find means to deal with the cultural and language challenges that psychology is faced with in order for psychologists to have efficient psychotherapy and subsequent to that work interracially. It was hoped that the study would play a positive role in increasing psychologist’s sensitivity to issues of racism. Furthermore, it was hoped that the findings of this study would help promote culturally respectful programmes and strategies among psychologists and other health-care professionals in KZN.