Thesis (M.Com. (Economics & Economic History)) - Rhodes University, 2009. / A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Commerce in Financial Markets.

Orientador: Antonio Marcio Buainain / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T16:24:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_Fernandode_M.pdf: 1056518 bytes, checksum: 33a5a79c8ed9b364c9eb57f3e71e8a82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Foi na retomada da reforma agrária no Brasil na década de 1990, que SurgIU um programa complementar ao modelo constitucional. Utilizando mecanismos de mercado para agilizar o acesso à terra, o Programa Cédula da Terra (PCT) tinha como objetivo beneficiar 15.000 famílias pobres de áreas rurais da região nordeste brasileira. O PCT pelas suas características pode ser classificado como um programa da reforma agrária de mercado. A reforma agrária de mercado (RAM) surgiu como alternativa ao modelo de reforma agrária que utilizada mecanismos de expropriação, também conhecida como modelo de reforma agrária tradicional, e com discurso de possuir mecanismos que agilizariam o processo de redistribuição de terras. Apesar de a elaboração teórica partir da crítica ao modelo tradicional, a RAM também sofre duras críticas quanto ao seu desempenho, notadamente por pesquisadores que defendem o modelo tradicional. As experiências internacionais dos programas que seguem a linha da RAM trazem algumas lições, principalmente quanto aos resultados verificados. No caso brasileiro, o PCT foi elaborado com diversos mecanismos que proporcionariam uma estrutura de governança eficiente. Com base no objetivo do trabalho que é analisar os principais componentes do Programa Cédula da Terra (processo de seleção, associativismo, processo de aquisição de terras), principalmente demonstrar que algumas das expectativas sobre os resultados do programa não ocorreram como planejado. As análises, com base nos estudos desenvolvidos pelos pesquisadores da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, demonstraram que realmente as regras do programa não foram seguidas corretamente, isto indica que a estrutura de governança do programa não conseguiu superar as especificidades locais / Abstract: In the 90', when Brazil was retaking its land refonn, it was built a program complementary to the constitutional mode!. By using market mechanisms to make the access to land ownership speedier, the main goal ofthe Cédula da Terra Program (PCT) was to benefit 15.000 low income families leaving in the Brazilian northeast region countryside. Based on its characteristics the PCT can be classified as a market agrarian refonn programo The Market Assisted Land Refonn also known as traditional agrarian refonn, carne as an altemative to the agrarian refonn model based on expropriation methods, by evidencing a belief of having means to speed up land redistribution. In spite of the theoretical elaboration having as its source the criticism to the traditional model, the market assisted land refonn had its perfonnance hardly criticized mainly by those researchers supporting the traditional mode!. The experience of intemational programs using the same method as RAM's brought some lessons as for its results. In the Brazilian case, the PCT was created by joining several mechanisms to allow an efficient govemance structure. The objective of the study is to analyze the main Cédula da Terra Program components (selection process, associativism, land acquisition process) and mainly to demonstrate that some expectations about program results did not happen as planned. Based on studies developed by researchers from the State University of Campinas the analysis demonstrated that the program rules were not properly followed. This is an indication that the program's govemance structures did not succeed in overcoming local specificities / Mestrado / Economia do Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Magister Economicae - MEcon / Land ownership, control and reform have been some of the most contentious issues in contemporary Zimbabwe. The land question has generated a lot of emotional debate and there is a general consensus that it represents a critical dimension to the crisis the country is going through. This thesis intended to offer some insights into the modus operandi and outcomes of land reform in the country. / South Africa

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / In South Africa, the Land Reform Programme is a priority programme aimed to address land ownership through land redistribution and restitution programmes. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the mentorship programme in land reform programme. The study adopted a qualitative approach in which one mentor, three executive committee members, 20 protégé's (new farmers) and a manager from the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform were interviewed. The findings show that there are essential qualities and characteristics that a mentor and Protégé should possess to ensure a successful mentorship programme. The qualities linked to a mentor include a good commended, traceable track record; he/she must be people’s person (that is, he/she must be able to get along with people); a motivator to other people; he/she must be able to make people productive and take firm decisions; and must be a knowledgeable, respectful and trustworthy person. The ‘ideal’ protégé should be honest, committed, respectful and hard working. The characteristics of a mentee include honesty, passionate with farming and reliability. All these qualities must be undergirded by a good mentorship relationship between a mentor and mentee, a condition which is crucial for success. The study also found out that a lack of respect from either the mentor or mentee, a lack of willingness to cooperate, a lack of commitment have the potential to lead to negative impact on the mentorship programme and affects farm production. Due to the fact that the mentorship programme applies a participatory approach, beneficiaries are at liberty to select their own mentor. They also have the opportunity to make input when a land use plan and a business plan are developed. Key words: Mentorship; beneficiary, land reform; agriculture; business plan; sustainability and recapitalisation.

Thesis (M. A. ( Sociology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014. / Land reform is one of the heavily contested issues the world over as reflected in the literature discussion. It is an indisputable fact that land is crucial for human survival across cultures, races, gender, and beliefs. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of land reform on poverty alleviation in Zimbabwe, Mwenezi district in Chikomati and Dungwe villages. The problem which was under investigation was, ‘why is poverty seemed not to be alleviated/reduced despite the era of land reform?’ The impact of land reform on poverty alleviation was pointed out. The respondents were selected through snowballing (one potential respondent leads to the other respondent) and the data was collected through focus group discussions. The analysis was done through thematic analysis. The research found out that land reform alone cannot alleviate the expected fraction of poverty in any country in general and Zimbabwe in particular. There is need for all sectors of the economy to join hands in order to alleviate poverty, for example, education, health, agriculture, finance, and many more. Swathes of land alone had proved that it is not enough to reduce poverty unless underpinned with other sectors. Rapid reforms are needed in social, economic, and political spheres in order for land reform programme to deliver positive results to the beneficiaries and the whole economy at large. Facts on the ground in Zimbabwe are that mere distribution of land cannot on its own alleviate poverty, but the fact remains that land reform is an irreplaceable arrow in poverty reduction.

Thesis (MPAM.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Globally, land reform has been a burning issue and where it was implemented, it has resulted in both successes and failures. The problems that engulf land reform illustrate that government’s programmes often fail to address the socio-economic conditions of the land claimants. As such, this study undertook to examine government interventions in addressing beneficiaries affected by land restitution in Limpopo province with specific reference to Tshifhefhe community located in Makhado Local Municipality. The study is an examination of governmental interventions in addressing beneficiaries affected by land restitution. The institutional mechanisms used to support land restitutions are considered for discussion. The study focused mainly at the Tshifhefhe community in Limpopo province where the need to restore the land forcibly taken from the community was considered. The restoration is necessary for improvement of their wellbeing, intensification of democracy and emancipation as well as restoration of previously marginalised people. The study adopted a qualitative approach and a case study design. The utilised approach described and explored Tshifhefhe beneficiaries’ perceptions, attitudes, views and feelings about the government’s interventions in their restored land. The findings point to the fact that government has been found to have provided inadequate support in terms of training on land management, marketing and administration of these beneficiaries including the Tshifhefhe restituted land. It is recommended that the government should intervene in the restored land projects by providing capacity building programmes, assessment of failures and successes in other restored land, mentoring, development and implementation of progressive and sustainable land policies and programmes.

Thesis Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Geography and Environmental Studies University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies January 2017. / Political transformations in most developing nations have been accompanied by vast land claims by indigenous communities who were forcibly detached from their traditional land during colonisation and apartheid-like dispensations. In the context of sub-Saharan African countries (including South Africa), the need for land reform has been aggravated by the great scarcity of farmland. However, most of the reclaimed land is in areas pursuing conservation activities. Now, caught between owning the land and pursuing conservation as a land use option to improve livelihood; local communities have tended to form partnerships and collaborations with external stakeholders in managing communally owned natural resources. Collaborative management is perceived as a sustainable route in governing common pool natural resources in re-claimed areas. It is in this regard, that this research aims at establishing the role to which social capital can be instrumental in promoting sustainable governance in co-managed community game reserves in Kwa-Zulu Natal. This study follows a case study approach, with Zondi and Gumbi communities in Umvoti and uPhongolo Districts of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa respectively being used to obtain empirical evidence. Two basic criteria were taken into consideration in selecting appropriate case study areas to attain the aim of the study. Firstly, whether the area had successfully claimed the land and secondly, if there were collaborative efforts from different stakeholders in managing available common resources. To ensure equal representation, research participants were drawn from households, community leaders, conservation organisations and policy makers from the government. This study’s methodological positionality is interpretive in nature, and its operational framework base is qualitative research. It therefore uses a number of qualitative techniques in an attempt to establish the role of social capital in governing Somkhanda (in Gumbi) and Ngome (in Zondi) Community Game Reserves. For instance, systemic-resilience thinking and socio-ecological learning approaches were used to analyse the participatory relationship and effects in managing community natural resources in Gumbi and Zondi communities. It has been revealed in this study that the key to successful collaborative environmental management projects revolves around issues of participation, transparency, reciprocity and effective communication. These elements are important ingredients in building strong social capital. Community social cohesion builds trust between internal and external actors, especially in communities that were once subjected to various forms of segregation and corrupt systems of governance. The presence of trust in managing common pool resources ensures effective stakeholder participation as well as involvement in decision making processes. Furthermore, the evidence from this study suggests that the frequent exclusion of rural populations from participation in processes with a direct influence on their lives, undermines efforts to pursue Community-Based Ecotourism. More profoundly, the study found that, as an analytical tool, social capital seems to provide a dynamic and holistic explanatory approach to the pursuance of Community-Based Ecotourism in land-claimed communities, compared with the dominant evaluative techniques in the tourism field. Another important practical implication is that social capital can be used to promote the analysis of communities as heterogeneous and evolving, as opposed to the assumptions of their homogeneity and static state. There is a strong possibility that social capital can also address power-relations, social exclusion and inequality, through consideration of both structural and cognitive indicators. The findings from this study make several contributions to the body of knowledge. Firstly, they provide a better understanding of social capital variables influencing community participation in conservation activities. This is of use when designing or developing future Collaborative Community-Based Natural Resources Management (CCBNRM) projects. Secondly, from a broader perspective, the study advises policy makers not to ignore related community policies which might impact community participation in CCBNRMs. This is essential in considering the direction of future conservation and rural development policy. Thirdly, they provide a framework for empowering local people and their communities to enhance participation in CCBNRM. In view of this, a binding conclusion can be made that social capital can be a vehicle through which the accumulation of different forms of capital can be achieved and contribute towards sustainable environmental management. / MT2017

Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2005 / Refer to the abstract

The fundamental objective of this study was to determine the impact of PLAS Land Reform Projects on the livelihood (financial, human, physical, natural and social capitals) of beneficiaries. The population of the study included all beneficiaries (97) of PLAS projects within Dr. Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. Fifty four beneficiaries were randomly selected from all 36 projects and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data collected was sorted, coded and analysed using version 21 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency count and percentage were used to summarize the data. The identified major constraints affecting PLAS projects were found to be: lack of resources (77.9%), lack of finance (77.8%), lack of water (77.8%), lack of incentives (66.7%), lack/poor infrastructure (64.8%) and high inputs cost (59.3%). The respondents indicated that lack of finance was caused by both lack of government support and inability to access credit from financial institutions, Jack of assets and land ownership which could be used as security to secure loans. Binary Logit Regression Model was used to determine factors influencing the impact of PLAS projects on the livelihood of beneficiaries. Five explanatory variables found to be statistically significant were: size of projects (Z=1-.905: P<0.05), purchase price of projects (Z=-2.258: P>0.01), sufficient funding (Z=1.657: P<0.01), established market (Z=2.552: P<0.01) and age of farmers' (Z=-2.697: P>0.05). Wilcoxon Sign-rank Sum Test was used to determine the "before" and "after" impact of PLAS Land Redistribution projects on the livelihood (financial, human, physical, natural and social capitals) of beneficiaries. The findings showed that significant difference existed on the livelihood (social, financial, physical, natural and human capital) before and after participating in PLAS projects. The result indicated an inverse relationship in terms of the impact of PLAS projects on the livelihood of beneficiaries implying that discontinuation or no participation in PLAS projects could reduce livelihood capitals or negatively affect beneficiaries' livelihood. / Thesis (M.Sc.(Agric Economics) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

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