Halle, Universiẗat, Diss., 2001.

Halle (Saale), University, Diss., 2004.

Erlangen, Nürnberg, Univ., Diss., 2003. / Computerdatei im Fernzugriff.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (doctoral)--Technische Universität Darmstadt, 2005.

Tidigare forskning har visat att med hjälp av en speciell mikrovågsugn så kan man omvandla lågdensitetspolyeten (LDPE) till kemikalier med högre värde [1]. Ett försök på att omvandla plastavfall (LDPE) till en produkt med högre värde kommer att göras i detta projekt. Att kunna återvinna plast är en fråga som under de senaste åren har växt och fortsätter växa, i dagsläget så finns det ett intresse att kunna producera nya produkter från återvunnet material [2]. Eftersom plaster succesivt förlorar sina egenskaper varje gång de värms upp så är det ofta enklare för ett företag att skapa och använda ny plast. Plast som kan ha förlorat sina mekaniska egenskaper eller eventuellt har förorenats är inte något som efterfrågas [3] [4]. Kolprickar är ett slags nanomaterial som har fascinerande egenskaper och som börjats forska mer och mer om under de senaste 10 åren. Under detta projekt kommer det stora fokus ligga på om man kan tillverka denna typ av partiklar genom karbonisering av LDPE och hur tillsats av denna typ av partiklar påverkar de mekaniska egenskaperna hos nya LDPE produkter [5]. Under detta projekt användes en speciell mikrovågsugn för karbonisering av polyeten, genom användning av mikrovågsugnen med salpetersyra och saltsyra som katalysatorer så kunde man syntetisera fram dispergerade partiklar (DP) och fasta partiklar (FP) från LDPE. Dispergerade partiklarnas och fasta partiklarnas strukturella egenskaper analyserades genom användning av FT-IR och XRD. Analys av partikelstorlek för dispergerade partiklarna gjordes genom DLS och morfologi undersöktes med SEM. I detta projekt visades det att man hade lyckats ändra polyetenets strukturella egenskaper då nya grupper kunde ses på FT-IR och XRD. Partikelstorleken mättes också och man kom fram till att det var grova partiklar som bildades och att de inte var så homogena. Tillverkning av kompositfilmer innehållande dispergerade partiklar och fasta partiklar lyckades man också åstadkomma. Kompositerna bestod av 0,5 vikt-% DP som blandades med 99,5 vikt-% LDPE pulver. En annan komposit gjordes också fast här ökade man viktsprocenten av partiklar till 2,5 vikt-% DP som blandades med 97,5 vikt-% LDPE pulver. Kompositerna innehållande FP skapades genom att blanda 5 vikt-% och 10 vikt-% FP med 95 vikt-% och 90 vikt-% LDPE pulver. Filmernas mekaniska egenskaper analyserades genom dragprovning, resultaten visade sig att dragspänningen för kompositfilmerna innehållande DP gav ett styvare material än filmen med endast LDPE. Kompositfilmerna med FP fick däremot ett mycket högre modulus än dem andra, materialet hade alltså blivit mycket styvare och en stor del av flexibiliteten hade gått förlorad. Slutsatsen man kunde komma fram till var att metoden kan användas för att skapa ett material som är starkare och mer styvt. / Previous research has shown that with the assistance of a specially formed microwave oven you can degrade low density polyethylene (LDPE) to chemicals with more value, so this project will try to reform plastic waste (LDPE) to a product with more value. Being able to recycle plastic is a question that has grown these past years and is still growing. As things stand there is an interest in being able to produce plastics that can be recycled. Because plastics lose some of their mechanical properties every time they are heated the companies who produce them find it easier and cheaper to just use new plastic. Therefore, to be able to produce a plastic which does not lose its mechanical properties is something that is being strived for. Carbon dots is a new kind of nanomaterial that has fascinating properties and research on it and its properties has been done during the last 10 years. During this project the main focus will therefore be to evaluate whether LDPE can be carbonized to carbon dot like materials and whether addition of these affects the mechanical properties of new LDPE products. By using the special microwave, the synthesis of carbon dots was successful. In addition, solid particles we gained from LDPE. The structural properties of the carbon dots and solid particles were analysed by using FT-IR, NMR and XRD. There was also an analysis on the particle sizes which was done by using DLS and morphological evaluation which was performed by SEM. The synthesized particles were also put into TGA to evaluate their thermal stability. The synthesis was successful, and you could see a change in the particles structure because new functional groups could be found by using FT-IR, NMR and XRD. The particle size was also measured, and the consensus was that the particles were coarse and not that homogenous. Making of the composites with the carbon dots and solid particles is also something that was successfully done. The composites contained 0.5 wt-% of synthesized carbon dots and 99.5 wt-% of LDPE powder and another one where 2.5 wt-% of synthesized carbon dots was mixed with 97.5 wt-% of LDPE powder. The solid particle composites were created by mixing 5 wt-% and 10 wt-% solid particles mixed with 95 wt-% and 90 wt-% of LDPE powder. The mechanical properties were analysed with a tensile testing machine, the result that was retrieved from the machine was that the films made of the composites with DP gave a stiffer material than the film made only by LDPE. The composite films with FP gave a much higher modulus than the other films made by addition of DP. The results show that the films with FP were also a lot stiffer than the film with only LDPE. The conclusion is that you can use this method to create a material that is stronger and stiffer.

Packaging industries widely use Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) in manufacturing different types of containers to store the food products. They are difficult to model numerically in order to have similar experimental response. This research deals with the study of numerical material model parameters of continuum LDPE. It is carried out with the help of experiments along with the numerical simulation of LDPE. Study of stress-strain distribution at crack tip and elements close to the tip is carried out in the LDPE material with the pre-existing center crack with varying lengths. By implementing an optimization algorithm and automating the simulation with the help of python code, we obtain a set of parameters. This obtained data for the material can be used directly for numerical simulation in the future without carrying out additional experimental studies. After implementing the optimization algorithm is also validated, against the results that were close to the experimental response.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2017-12-11T15:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Gabriela Messias Miranda.pdf: 10446144 bytes, checksum: 5a93d29a212d33d004ce8c576f23db33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-12-18T10:43:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Gabriela Messias Miranda.pdf: 10446144 bytes, checksum: 5a93d29a212d33d004ce8c576f23db33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T10:50:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Gabriela Messias Miranda.pdf: 10446144 bytes, checksum: 5a93d29a212d33d004ce8c576f23db33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Low density polyethylene (LDPE) was mixed with the PEPZYMETM commercial additive in order to prepare a blend with biodegradation behavior, therefore was added 8% of the commercial additive (PE8), once that the PE is a material of high resistance to degradation. Due to this property, processability and low cost, LDPE is a plastic very used in various applications, mostly in packaging. Beside biodegradation, it is important evaluate your abiotic degradation. For that, it was realized a accelerated aging assay for 1000 h with cycles of 8h of UVA radiation in 60 ?C and cycles of 4 h of condensation in 50 ?C, to evaluate the behavior of this material front weathering. After the pure PE samples (PE0) and with additive were removed to each 200h and characterized, in order to identify the changes in the chemical properties, physical, mechanical, thermal and morphological, caused through the additive effect as well as weathering effect. The results of this study showed that the aging provoke changes in the structural characteristics (insertion of functional groups) and morphological (appearance of microcracks and increase of th roughness), mechanical (increase of the stiffness and loss of plasticity) and thermal (increase of the crystallinity degree and of the range of thermal degradation) properties; being this changes very attractive for the microorganisms when the exposed materials were put in contact with the soil. The presence of the additive in the PE matrix helped in the aging process, once that functional groups were added in the chemical structure of LDPE. The C, H, N contents and carbonyl indexes of the samples were of according with the FTIR spectrums. The C:N ratios of PE8 and PE8/env presented the expected behavior in the literature (decrease of this value) for the occurrence of decomposition process. / Polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) foi misturado com o aditivo comercial PEPZYMETM a fim de preparar uma blenda com comportamento de biodegrada??o, para tanto foi adicionado 8% do aditivo comercial (PE8), uma vez que o PE ? um material de alta resist?ncia a degrada??o. Devido a esta propriedade, processabilidade e seu baixo custo, o PEBD ? um pl?stico muito utilizado em diversas aplica??es, principalmente em embalagens. Al?m da biodegrada??o, ? importante avaliar ? sua degrada??o abi?tica. Para isso foi realizado um ensaio de envelhecimento acelerado durante 1000 h com ciclos de 8 h de radia??o UVA a 60 ?C e de 4 h de condensa??o a 50 ?C, para avaliar o comportamento deste material frente ao intemperismo. Ap?s, as amostras de PE puro (PE0) e com aditivo, foram retiradas a cada 200 h e caracterizadas, a fim de identificar as altera??es nas propriedades qu?micas, f?sicas, mec?nicas, t?rmicas e morfol?gicas, causadas pelo efeito do aditivo bem como pelo efeito do intemperismo. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que o envelhecimento provoca altera??es nas caracter?sticas estruturais (inser??o de grupos funcionais) e nas propriedades morfol?gicas (aparecimento de microfissuras e aumento da rugosidade), mec?nicas (aumento da rigidez e perda de plasticidade) e t?rmicas (aumento da cristalinidade e do intervalo de degrada??o t?rmica), sendo estas altera??es muito atraentes para os microrganismos quando os materiais expostos s?o colocados em contato com o solo. A presen?a do aditivo na matriz de PE ajudou no processo de envelhecimento, uma vez que foram adicionados grupos funcionais na estrutura qu?mica do PEBD. Os Teores de C, N, H e os ?ndices de carbonila das amostras estavam de acordo com os espectros de FTIR. A raz?o C/N de PE8 e PE8/env apresentou o comportamento esperado na literatura (redu??o deste valor) para ocorr?ncia do processo de decomposi??o.