The main objective of this paper is to prove that liquidity costs do exist in option pricingtheory. To achieve this goal, a martingale approach to option pricing theory is usedand, from a model by Jarrow and Protter [JP], a sound theoretical model is derived toshow that liquidity risk exists. This model, derived and tested in this extended theory,allows for liquidity costs to arise. The expression liquidity cost is used in this paper tomeasure liquidity risk relative to the option price.

Recent changes in the insurance regulations and laws in Turkey lead insurance industry to gain further importance and turn the insurance industry one of the rising sectors in financial markets. However, while these favorable events for the insurance industry takes place in Turkish markets, on the global markets the economic crisis initiated with the collapse of US sub-prime mortgage markets deepened and the credit crunch arose in the aftermath. In the times of credit stress having good liquidity base is important for the firms. In recent economic crisis, liquidity related troubles resulted in bailouts or takeovers of giant financial companies. In order to prevent negative consequences of inadequate liquidity and to sustain financial stability, having appropriate level of liquidity is especially crucial for financial companies like insurers. In this thesis it is aimed to analyze the Turkish insurance sector&rsquo / s liquidity condition for the period between 2002 and 2008 with the help of liquidity ratios. Considering the nature of the business, a distinction is made between &ldquo / non-life&rdquo / and &ldquo / life&rdquo / insurance companies while assessing their liquidity ratios. Furthermore, panel data regression analysis is conducted to determine the firm specific factors affecting the liquidity decisions of non-life insurers operating in Turkey.

Banks represent one of the most important parts of the economy in the world. As a result, decisions of bank management affect not just the direct bank stakeholders but the state of the economy and society as a whole. This became evident during the latest financial crisis in 2007 where the failure of one bank resulted in the domino falling that affected banks globally. The regulators increase their attention to the risks that bank face and their measures and requirements. Therefore, the research within the banking area has important consequences from both theoretical and practical side.   The purpose of this project is to investigate whether there is a relationship between dividends that Nordic banks pay and different types of risks such as market, credit (including default), liquidity and operational. The results of the research will contribute to the knowledge in finance and help different stakeholders to understand possible reasons for different dividends level.   The methodological position works as a foundation for the conduction of the research. The epistemological and ontological views applied in this project are positivism and objectivism. The deductive research approach and quantitative research strategy are used for the research and thus the collection and analysis of the archival data of 19 Nordic banks over five year time horizon. The research can therefore be described as a panel study.   Based on the previous research papers the following proxies for risks have been used in the research: market risk – capital requirement for market risk to total assets, credit risk – loan loss provisions to total assets, default risk – Altman Z-score, liquidity risk –liquidity coverage ratio, operational risk – economic capital (capital requirement) for operational risk to total asset.   Ordinary Least Square regression analysis is performed over the collected data in order to fulfil the purpose of the project. The tests results identify that there are no statistically significant relationship between dividends and market, credit, default and liquidity risks and the statistically significant negative relationship between the dividends and operational risk in Nordic banks. These findings contribute to a new knowledge within the finance and banking area in particular. Additionally, this project might be used as a foundation for the further research within the field. The findings are also useful for stakeholders in understanding banks risk level.

Esant sudėtingai pasaulinei ekonomikos situacijai ir abejojant finansinių institucijų patikimumu likvidumo rizikos įvertinimas ir valdymas tampa aktualia problema. Komercinio banko likvidumo rizikos valdymo metodika turi sujungti rizikos valdymą į vieną bendrą procesą ir suderinti saugumo, likvidumo ir pelningumo principus. Magistro darbe pateikti Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių teoriniai rizikos įvertinimo ir valdymo aspektai bei apibendrinti likvidumo rizikai įvertinti ir valdyti naudojami esminiai valdymo principai ir metodai,. Išsamiai atlikta AB DnB NORD banko likvidumo rizikos analizė, remiantis likvidumo rodiklių sistema, normatyviniais Lietuvos banko nustatytais dydžiais bei testavimo nepalankiausiomis sąlygomis metodu, pasiūlytos banko likvidumo rizikos vertinimo ir valdymo metodikos tobulinimo galimybės. Tyrimo metodai: lyginamoji analizė, analitinis duomenų grupavimas, aprašomosios statistikos metodai, indukcijos, dedukcijos, analogijos bei asociacijos metodai. Atliekant teorinę ir praktinę analizę vertinama aktuali mokslinė, bei statistinė literatūra, naudojamas kiekybinis gautų rezultatų vertinimas, iliustruojama lentelėmis ir paveikslais. / Under the conditions of complex global economic situation and the uncertainty of reliability of financial institutions liquidity risk assessment and management is becoming an urgent problem. Commercial bank liquidity risk management methodology owns to combine risk management into a single process and comprise the principles of security, liquidity and profitability. Master's work summarizes the liquidity risk assessment and management principles and techniques, structures Lithuanian and foreign authors' theoretical risk assessment and management aspects in commercial banks. A detailed DnB NORD bank liquidity risk assessment and analysis, based on the liquidity indices system, normative values, established by the Bank of Lithuania, and stress testing method, has been accomplished and the improvement opportunities of bank's liquidity risk measurement and management techniques have been established. Research methods: comparative analysis, the analytical group data, descriptive statistical methods, induction, deduction, analogy and association methods. Carrying the theoretical and practical analysis the relevant scientific and statistical literature has been evaluated, quantitative assessment of the obtained results has been performed and illustrated by tables and images.

No description available.

Dividend policy, its determinants, and its impact on firm value are of significant academic interest, and many theories and explanations have been posited on the subject over the years, but there has not been a universal agreement. This thesis examines the links between dividend policy, various aspects of stock liquidity and price informativeness. We study a sample of UK firms over the period from 1996-2013. We show that, on average, stocks of dividend payers have significantly lower bid–ask spread and a lower illiquidity ratio than their counterparts of non-dividend payers. We also find that stocks of high-dividend payers are more liquid than those of firms that pay low or no dividends. These findings are consistent with the predictions of asymmetric information that posit that paying dividends reveals inside information to the market and hence decreases the level of asymmetric information, leading to higher stock liquidity. In the subsequent analysis, we suggest and examine a new channel through which dividend policy can impact firm value. Specifically, we show that dividend payers are less exposed to shocks in the aggregate market liquidity than non-dividend payers. Similarly, we find that the systematic liquidity risk is negatively associated with amount of dividends. Finally, in the context of signalling and agency costs models, we show that dividends are negatively related to stock price informativeness and that this relationship is stronger for firms with lower stock liquidity. The findings imply that dividend policy can both affect and be affected by stock markets.

This study examined the determinants of commercial bank liquidity in South Africa. The panel regression approach was used, applying panel data from twelve commercial banks over the period 2006 to 2016. A quantitative research method was used to investigate the relationship between bank liquidity and some microeconomic and bank-specific factors and between bank liquidity and selected macro-economic factors. The regression analysis for four liquidity ratios was conducted using the pooled ordinary least squares regression, fixed effects, random effects and the generalised methods of moments. However, the system generalised methods of moments approach was preferred over the other methods because it eliminated the problem of endogeneity. Results show that capital adequacy, size and gross domestic product have a positive and significant effect on liquidity. Loan growth and non-performing loans had a negative and significant effect on liquidity. Inflation had both a positive and a negative but an insignificant effect on liquidity. The study concluded that South African banks could enhance their liquidity positions by tightening their loan-underwriting criteria and credit policies. Banks should improve their credit risk management frameworks to be more prudent in their lending practices to improve the quality of the loan book to enhance liquidity. They also need to grow their capital levels by embarking on efficient revenue enhancements activities. Banks may also to look at their clients on an overall basis and not on transaction bases, and they need to improve non-interest revenue by introducing innovated products. The South African Reserve Bank could push for policies that might enhance capitalisation by ensuring that the sector is consolidated and thus merging smaller banks to create banks with stronger balance sheets and stronger capital base. This study contributes to the empirical research repository on the determinants of liquidity and more specifically, it identified the significant factors that affect South African commercial bank liquidity. Identifying the determinants of South African commercial bank liquidity will provide the South African Reserve Bank with insight into ways of enhancing liquidity management reforms, to improve the sector’s liquidity management practices and help to maintain a sound and liquid banking sector. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

This thesis consists of one hedge fund study and two credit default swap (CDS) studies. The first study investigates the relationship between mega hedge funds (the largest 25% of funds) and two bond yields (U.S. Treasury yield and Baa yield). Using a merged sample of 9,725 hedge funds from 1994 to 2012, I find that hedge fund outflow produced a more significant relationship than inflow, and the dollar outflow of large hedge funds can predict the increase in the bond yields. The association is also more pronounced for large funds with a short notice period prior to redemption. The results suggest that hedge fund flows provide predictive information for the movement of bond yields. The second study investigates the systematic and firm-specific credit and liquidity risks of CDS spreads. Using data on CDS spreads of 356 U.S. firms from 2002 to 2011, I find that systematic credit and liquidity risks are important in cross-sectional prediction of CDS spreads. In addition, the importance of systematic liquidity risk becomes substantial since the financial crisis in 2007. This finding challenges the current Basel III procedures for counterparty credit risk regulations, in which only pure default should be used. In addition, the systematic credit and liquidity factors can be used as a proxy for CDS spreads of firms that do not have traded CDSs. The last study extends Carr and Wu (2010), in which deep out-of-the-money (DOOM) put options and CDSs are associated as they both provide credit insurance for credit protection buyers. Using the Nelson-Siegel (1987) model, I obtain the credit and illiquidity components for DOOMs and CDSs over the period from May 2002 to May 2012. I show that, after controlling the factors that explain the difference between the DOOM and CDS markets, the components converge over time in these two markets. Thus, I can exploit the observed convergence pattern by constructing a simple trading strategy, and this benchmark strategy produces a positive return. I further construct two other strategies based on the component information, and these two refined strategies outperform the benchmark strategy by the Sharpe ratio and Carhart alpha. My three studies contribute to the literature in hedge fund systemic risk and CDS credit and liquidity risks.

In the following paper I have tried to find the correlation between type of ownership and effective risk management in the operations of microfinance institutions in India. The results found are consistent with the current findings of how the type of ownership does not impact both the financial or social performance of MFIs. Dataset of 72 MFIs was acquired from the Microfinance Information Exchange on MFIs and evaluated using an OLS regression. The results show that the type of ownership insignificantly impacts both the credit and liquidity risk ratios of MFIs. It is possible that the impact of ownership type is more evident in other aspects of operations. In the future, a study on type of ownership and exposure to strategic and market risks could be a way forward.

This master’s thesis explains what the term risk means, how the project of risk management is running and financial risks existing in the company ABC, s.r.o. are described. These risks are currency risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The methods of their analysis and measurement and also instruments are stated. These procedures and project of the risk management are explained.