Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2000--Aachen.

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Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-04-25T15:47:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropriedadesMagneticasNanoestruturas.pdf: 20228142 bytes, checksum: 9976e2317ce08c4aebbd71bd44297386 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-06-17T12:29:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropriedadesMagneticasNanoestruturas.pdf: 20228142 bytes, checksum: 9976e2317ce08c4aebbd71bd44297386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-17T12:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropriedadesMagneticasNanoestruturas.pdf: 20228142 bytes, checksum: 9976e2317ce08c4aebbd71bd44297386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Motivados por estudos experimentais acerca de monocamadas de metais de transição 3d sobre superfícies de Pd, nesta dissertação investigamos o complexo magnetismo de nanoestruturas, embebidas ou adsorvidas, em superfícies metálicas através de cálculos de primeiros princípios. Utilizamos o método RS-LMTO-ASA (Real Space - Linear MuffinTin Orbital - Atomic Sphere Approximation), o qual é baseado na teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT - Density Functional Theory) e implementado para o cálculo de estruturas magnéticas não colineares. Com este propósito, investigamos nanoestruturas embebidas e ligas (2 x 2) de metais 3d (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co e Ni) na superfície Pd (110), além de nanoestruturas de Cr adsorvidas sobre a superfície de Pd (111). Primeiro, para as nanoestruturas embebidas na superfície Pd (110), analisamos a variação do momento magnético de spin orbital com relação ao número de vizinhos e de valência dos metais 3d. Também mostramos que estas estruturas têm ordenamento magnético colinear, exceto as de Cr e Mn, que apresentam magnetismo não colinear associado à frustração geométrica. Para o caso de nanofios de Cr adsorvidos sobre a superfície de Pd (111), verificamos uma configuração colinear antiferromagnética para cadeias com até 9 átomos. Para o nanofio com 10 átomos obtivemos uma configuração tipo antiferromagnética inclinada (canted). No caso de nanoestruturas de Cr bidimensionais, verificamos complexas configurações magnéticas não colineares com diferentes quiralidades. / Motivated by experimental studies of 3d transitional metal monolayers on Pd surfaces, we studied the complex magnetism of nanostructures, intermixed or adsorbed, on metallic surfaces, via ab initio calculations. We used the RS-LMTO-ASA method (Real Space - Linear Muffin-Tin Orbitals - Atomic Sphere Approximation), which is based on the Density Functional Theory and has been implemented to calculate non-collinear magnetic structures. With this purpose, we investigated intermixed metallic (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) nanostructures and alloys (2 x 2) in Pd (110) surface and also adsorbed nanostructures on Pd (111). For intermixed nanostructures in Pd (110), we analyzed the behavior of the spin and orbital magnetic moments as function of the number of first neighbors and the valence number of the 3d metals. We verified a collinear magnetism for most of the cases, except for the Cr and Mn geometrically frustrated structures, which present noncollinear magnetic configurations. For Cr nanowires adsorbed on Pd (111), we obtained a collinear antiferromagnetic configuration for chains with up to 9 atoms. For the nanowire with 10 atoms of Cr, the magnetic ordering is antiferromagnetic canted. For two dimensional Cr nanostructures adsorbed on Pd (111), we obtained complex noncollinear magnetic structures, with different chiralities.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-04-25T16:15:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropriedadesMagneticasNonoestruturas.pdf: 13267320 bytes, checksum: 0ed51d1beb416550b4aae1cebc2b4338 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-06-17T12:38:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropriedadesMagneticasNonoestruturas.pdf: 13267320 bytes, checksum: 0ed51d1beb416550b4aae1cebc2b4338 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-17T12:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropriedadesMagneticasNonoestruturas.pdf: 13267320 bytes, checksum: 0ed51d1beb416550b4aae1cebc2b4338 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Neste trabalho, utilizamos o método de primeiros princípios, RS-LMTO-ASA (“Real Space - Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital - Atomic Sphere Approximation”), baseado na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT) e implementado para o cálculo de estruturas magnéticas não-colineares, para investigar as propriedades magnéticas de nanoestruturas de metais de transição 3d (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co e Ni) adsorvidas na superfície de Pt(111). Diferentes geometrias como adátomos, dímeros, trímeros, fios lineares e zig-zag foram consideradas e, o tamanho dos aglomerados foi variado de 2 a 7 átomos. Mostramos que os aglomerados de Fe, Co e Ni sobre a superfície de Pt(111), para todas as geometrias simuladas, apresentam um ordenamento ferromagnético. Devido à redução do número de coordenação presente na superfície, os momentos de spin e orbital nos sítios de Fe, Co e Ni, para as diferentes geometrias, mostram-se elevados comparados com os respectivos valores dos momentos destes metais como bulk. Para os glomerados de Cr e Mn mostramos que a interação de troca antiferromagnética entre primeiros vizinhos leva a um ordenamento antiferromagnético colinear no caso de geometrias lineares. No entanto, se o antiferromagnetismo é frustrado por restrição geométrica imposta aos aglomerados pela superfície triangular do substrato, obtém-se um comportamento magnético não-colinear para aglomerados de Cr e Mn sobre a Pt(111). Nossos resultados estão em boa concordância com os resultados experimentais da literatura e com os resultados teóricos obtidos por outros métodos, quando existentes. / In this work we use the first principles RS-LMTO-ASA (“Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital - Atomic Sphere Approximation”) method, based on the Density Functional Theory and implemented to calculate non-collinear magnetic structures, to investigate the magnetic properties of 3d (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) nanostructures adsorbed on Pt(111). Different geometries such as adatoms, dimmers, trimmers, linear and zig-zag wires have been considered, with cluster sizes varying between 2 and 7 atoms. The Fe, Co and Ni clusters are found to order ferromagnetically regardless of the cluster geometry. We find enhanced spin and orbital moments at Fe, Co and Ni sites compared to what is found in bulk, which is attributed to the reduced coordination number present at the surface. For Mn and Cr clusters on Pt(111), antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between nearest neighbors are found to cause collinear antiferromagnetic ordering when the geometry allows it. If the antiferromagnetism is frustrated by the cluster geometry, noncollinear ordering is found. The values are in general in good agreement with experiment and other calculations, when available in the literature.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-04-25T16:01:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropriedadesMagneticasNanoestruturasAdsorvidas.pdf: 4801609 bytes, checksum: 6603a1be0844e60b119974d5b3017c11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-06-17T12:47:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropriedadesMagneticasNanoestruturasAdsorvidas.pdf: 4801609 bytes, checksum: 6603a1be0844e60b119974d5b3017c11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-17T12:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropriedadesMagneticasNanoestruturasAdsorvidas.pdf: 4801609 bytes, checksum: 6603a1be0844e60b119974d5b3017c11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CVRD - Companhia Vale do Rio Doce / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / Neste trabalho, utilizamos o método de primeiros princípios RS-LMTO-ASA (Real Space – Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital - Atomic Sphere Approximation) baseado na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT - Density Functional Theory) e implementado para o cálculo de estruturas magnéticas não-colineares, para investigar as propriedades magnéticas de nanoestruturas adsorvidas em superfícies metálicas. Consideramos aglomerados com diferentes geometrias e tamanhos como adátomos, dímeros, trímeros, nanofios e nanoestruturas de geometria triangular de Fe, Fe-Co e Fe-Pt adsorvidos sobre a superfície de Pt(111) e tratamos também nanoestruturas de Mn sobre a superfície de Ag(111). Mostramos que os nanofios de Fe-Co sobre a superfície de Pt(111) apresentam um ordenamento ferromagnético. Devido à redução do número de coordenação presente na superfície, os momentos de spin e orbital nos sítios de Fe e Co mostram-se elevados comparados com os respectivos valores dos momentos destes metais como bulk. Analisamos também como estes momentos variam em função da concentração destes elementos nos nanofios. Para os sistemas compostos por nanofios Fe-Pt adsorvidos em Pt(111), mostramos que é possível sintonizar as interações de troca entre os adátomos magnéticos Fe através da introdução de um diferente número de átomos Pt para ligá-los. Por exemplo, a interação de troca entre os adátomos de Fe pode ser consideravelmente aumentada pela introdução de cadeias de Pt que os conectem e tanto configurações ferromagnéticas, antiferromagnéticas ou não-colineares entre os adátomos de Fe podem ser estabilizadas, dependendo da espessura do espaçador Pt. Para os aglomerados Mn sobre a Ag(111) mostramos que a interação de troca entre os sítios de Mn depende não somente da distância entre os átomos, mas também do número de coordenação de cada sítio. Desta forma, verificamos um magnetismo não-colinear nestas nanoestruturas causado tanto por frustração geométrica, quanto pela competição de interações de curto e longo alcance. Nossos resultados estão em boa concordância com os resultados experimentais da literatura e com os resultados teóricos obtidos por outros métodos, quando existentes. / We use the first principles RS-LMTO-ASA (Real Space - Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital - Atomic Sphere Approximation) method, based on the Density Functional Theory and implemented to calculate noncollinear magnetic structures, to investigate the magnetic properties of nanostructures adsorbed on metallic surfaces. We have considered different geometries and sizes such as adatoms, dimers, trimers, nanowires, and nanostructures with triangular geometry of Fe, Fe-Co and Fe-Pt on Pt(111), as well as Mn nanostructures on Ag(111) surface. The Fe-Co nanowires adsorbed on Pt(111) are found to order ferromagnetically regardless of the nanowire size. We find enhanced spin and orbital moments at Fe and Co sites compared to what is found in bulk, which is attributed to the reduced coordination number presented at the surface. We also analyzed how these moments vary as a function of the concentration of these elements at the nanowires. For systems composed by Fe-Pt nanowires adsorbed on Pt(111), our results show that it is possible to tune the exchange interaction between magnetic adatoms (Fe) by introducing a different number of Pt atoms to link them. For instance, the exchange interaction between Fe adatoms can be considerably increased by introducing Pt chains to link them. Moreover, either a ferromagnetic or an antiferromagnetic configuration between magnetic adatoms (Fe) can be stabilized depending on the Pt spacer thickness. Furthermore, even a non-collinear magnetic ordering can be obtained tuned by Pt-mediated atoms. For Mn clusters on Ag(111), the exchange interactions between Mn sites depend not only on the distance between the atoms, but also on the coordination number of each site. Therefore, the non-collinear ordering in these nanostructures is caused not only if antiferromagnetism is frustrated by the cluster geometry, but also by the competition between short and long range exchange interactions. The results obtained are in general in good agreement with experiment and other calculations, when available in the literature.

<p>In the first part of this work, the influence of hydrogen on the structural and magnetic properties of Fe/V(001) superlattices was studied. The local structure of the vanadium-hydride layers was determined by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. The magnetic ordering in a weakly coupled Fe/V(001) superlattice was investigated using the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). The interlayer exchange coupling is weakened upon alloying with hydrogen and a phase with short-range magnetic order was observed.</p><p>The second part is concerned with first-principles calculations of magnetic materials, with a focus on magnetic recording applications. The uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of Fe, Co, and Ni was calculated for tetragonal and trigonal structures. Based on an analysis of the electronic states of tetragonal Fe and Co at the center of the Brillouin zone, tetragonal Fe-Co alloys were proposed as a material that combines a large uniaxial MAE with a large saturation magnetization. This was confirmed by experimental studies on (Fe,Co)/Pt superlattices. The large uniaxial MAE of L1₀ FePt is caused by the large spin-orbit interaction on the Pt sites in connection with a strong hybridization between Fe and Pt. Furthermore, it was shown that the uniaxial MAE can be increased by alloying the Fe sublattice with Mn. The combination of the high-moment rare-earth (RE) metals with the high-<i>T</i>_C 3<i>d</i> transition metals in RE/Cr/Fe multilayers (RE = Gd, Tb, Dy) gives rise to a strong ferromagnetic effective exchange interaction between the Fe layers and the RE layer. The MAE of hcp Gd was found to have two principal contributions, namely the dipole interaction of the large localized 4<i>f</i> spins and the band electron magnetic anisotropy due to the spin-orbit interaction. The peculiar temperature dependence of the easy axis of magnetization was reproduced on a qualitative level.</p>

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den besonderen elektronischen Eigenschaften der Übergangsmetall-Aluminide. In Anlehnung an die Quasikristalle und ihre Approximanten zeigt sich, dass selbst Materialien mit kleinen Einheitszellen die gleichen überraschenden Effekte aufweisen. So gibt es unter den Übergangsmetall-Aluminiden auch semimetallische und halbleitende Verbindungen, auch wenn sie aus klassisch-metallischen Komponenten wie Fe, Al oder Cr bestehen. Diese Eigenschaften sind außerdem mit einem tiefen Pseudogap bzw. Gap in der Zustandsdichte und starken kovalenten Bindungen gekoppelt. Bindungen werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durch zwei wesentliche Eigenschaften beschrieben. Erstens durch die Bindungsladung und zweitens durch die energetische Auswirkung der Bindung. Es ergibt sich, dass im Fall halbleitender Übergangsmetall-Aluminide zum einen eine Sättigung von bestimmten Bindungen, wie auch ein bindungs-antibindungs-Wechsel bei der Fermi-Energie vorliegt. Mit der Analyse der Nahordnung in Form der sogenannten lokalen Koordinationspolyeder ist es gelungen, eine einfache Regel für Halbleiter aufzustellen, die Fünffachkoordination für Al. Diese Regel besagt, dass Aluminium-Atome mit ihren drei Valenzelektronen nicht in der Lage sind, mehr als fünf gesättigte Bindungen zu ihren nächsten Übergangsmetall-Nachbarn aufzubauen. In exzellenter Übereinstimmung mit den in Annahme gleichartiger Bindungen theoretisch vorhergesagten Bindungswinkel ergibt sich, dass alle binären Übergangs-Aluminid-Halbleiter für die Al-Atome die gleiche Nahordnung aufweisen. Typische Werte für spezifische Widerstände der untersuchten Materialien bei Raumtemperatur liegen im Bereich von einigen 100µOhm cm, was weit größer ist als einige 10µOhm cm wie im Fall der unlegierten Metalle. Überraschend ist außerdem eine hohe Transportanisotropie mit einem Verhältnis der spezifischen Widerstände bis zu 3.0. Eine wesentliche Errungenschaft der Arbeit kann in der Verknüpfung der Eigenschaft des elektronischen Transports und der Bindungseigenschaften gesehen werden. Die geringen Leitfähigkeiten konnten durch geringe Werte in der Zustandsdichte (DOS) und einem bei gleicher Energie stattfindenden bindungs-antibindungs-Wechsel erklärt werden.

In the first part of this work, the influence of hydrogen on the structural and magnetic properties of Fe/V(001) superlattices was studied. The local structure of the vanadium-hydride layers was determined by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. The magnetic ordering in a weakly coupled Fe/V(001) superlattice was investigated using the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). The interlayer exchange coupling is weakened upon alloying with hydrogen and a phase with short-range magnetic order was observed. The second part is concerned with first-principles calculations of magnetic materials, with a focus on magnetic recording applications. The uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of Fe, Co, and Ni was calculated for tetragonal and trigonal structures. Based on an analysis of the electronic states of tetragonal Fe and Co at the center of the Brillouin zone, tetragonal Fe-Co alloys were proposed as a material that combines a large uniaxial MAE with a large saturation magnetization. This was confirmed by experimental studies on (Fe,Co)/Pt superlattices. The large uniaxial MAE of L10 FePt is caused by the large spin-orbit interaction on the Pt sites in connection with a strong hybridization between Fe and Pt. Furthermore, it was shown that the uniaxial MAE can be increased by alloying the Fe sublattice with Mn. The combination of the high-moment rare-earth (RE) metals with the high-TC 3d transition metals in RE/Cr/Fe multilayers (RE = Gd, Tb, Dy) gives rise to a strong ferromagnetic effective exchange interaction between the Fe layers and the RE layer. The MAE of hcp Gd was found to have two principal contributions, namely the dipole interaction of the large localized 4f spins and the band electron magnetic anisotropy due to the spin-orbit interaction. The peculiar temperature dependence of the easy axis of magnetization was reproduced on a qualitative level.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den besonderen elektronischen Eigenschaften der Übergangsmetall-Aluminide. In Anlehnung an die Quasikristalle und ihre Approximanten zeigt sich, dass selbst Materialien mit kleinen Einheitszellen die gleichen überraschenden Effekte aufweisen. So gibt es unter den Übergangsmetall-Aluminiden auch semimetallische und halbleitende Verbindungen, auch wenn sie aus klassisch-metallischen Komponenten wie Fe, Al oder Cr bestehen. Diese Eigenschaften sind außerdem mit einem tiefen Pseudogap bzw. Gap in der Zustandsdichte und starken kovalenten Bindungen gekoppelt. Bindungen werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durch zwei wesentliche Eigenschaften beschrieben. Erstens durch die Bindungsladung und zweitens durch die energetische Auswirkung der Bindung. Es ergibt sich, dass im Fall halbleitender Übergangsmetall-Aluminide zum einen eine Sättigung von bestimmten Bindungen, wie auch ein bindungs-antibindungs-Wechsel bei der Fermi-Energie vorliegt. Mit der Analyse der Nahordnung in Form der sogenannten lokalen Koordinationspolyeder ist es gelungen, eine einfache Regel für Halbleiter aufzustellen, die Fünffachkoordination für Al. Diese Regel besagt, dass Aluminium-Atome mit ihren drei Valenzelektronen nicht in der Lage sind, mehr als fünf gesättigte Bindungen zu ihren nächsten Übergangsmetall-Nachbarn aufzubauen. In exzellenter Übereinstimmung mit den in Annahme gleichartiger Bindungen theoretisch vorhergesagten Bindungswinkel ergibt sich, dass alle binären Übergangs-Aluminid-Halbleiter für die Al-Atome die gleiche Nahordnung aufweisen. Typische Werte für spezifische Widerstände der untersuchten Materialien bei Raumtemperatur liegen im Bereich von einigen 100µOhm cm, was weit größer ist als einige 10µOhm cm wie im Fall der unlegierten Metalle. Überraschend ist außerdem eine hohe Transportanisotropie mit einem Verhältnis der spezifischen Widerstände bis zu 3.0. Eine wesentliche Errungenschaft der Arbeit kann in der Verknüpfung der Eigenschaft des elektronischen Transports und der Bindungseigenschaften gesehen werden. Die geringen Leitfähigkeiten konnten durch geringe Werte in der Zustandsdichte (DOS) und einem bei gleicher Energie stattfindenden bindungs-antibindungs-Wechsel erklärt werden.