Yes / Voltage instability problems in power system are an important issue that should be taken into consideration during the planning and operation stages of modern power system networks. The system operators always need to know how far the power systems from voltage collapse in order to apply suitable action to avoid unexpected results. This paper propose a review of some static voltage stability indices found in the literature to study voltage collapse reveals that various analytical tools based on different concept to predict voltage collapse phenomena. These static voltage stability indices present reliable information about the closeness of the power system to voltage collapse and identification of the weakest bus, line and area in the power network. A number of static voltage stability indices have been proposed in the literature, but in this only four of them will be considered. The effectiveness of these indices is demonstrated through studies in IEEE 14 bus reliability test system. The results are discussed and key conclusion presented. / MSCRC

La tâche la plus délicate d'un système de reconnaissance faciale est la phase d'extraction de caractéristiques significatives et discriminantes. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes focalisés sur cette tâche avec comme objectif l'élaboration d'une représentation de visage robuste aux variations majeures suivantes: variations d'éclairage, de pose, de temps, images de qualité différentes (vidéosurveillance). Par ailleurs, nous avons travaillé également dans une optique de traitement temps réel. Tout d'abord, en tenant compte des caractéristiques d'orientation des traits principaux du visages (yeux, bouche), une nouvelle variante nommée ELBP de célèbre descripteur LBP a été proposée. Elle s'appuie sur les informations de micro-texture contenues dans une ellipse horizontale. Ensuite, le descripteur EPOEM est construit afin de tenir compte des informations d'orientation des contours. Puis un descripteur nommée PLPQMC qui intégre des informations obtenues par filtrage monogénique dans le descripteur LPQ est proposé. Enfin le descripteur LPOG intégrant des informations de gradient est présenté. Chacun des descripteurs proposés est testé sur les 3 bases d'images AR, FERET et SCface. Il en résulte que les descripteurs PLPQMC et LPOG sont les plus performants et conduisent à des taux de reconnaissance comparables voire supérieur à ceux des meilleurs méthodes de l'état de l'art. / Centered around feature extraction, the core task of any Face recognition system, our objective is devising a robust facial representation against major challenges, such as variations of illumination, pose and time-lapse and low resolution probe images, to name a few. Besides, fast processing speed is another crucial criterion. Towards these ends, several methods have been proposed through out this thesis. Firstly, based on the orientation characteristics of the facial information and important features, like the eyes and mouth, a novel variant of LBP, referred as ELBP, is designed for encoding micro patterns with the usage of an horizontal ellipse sample. Secondly, ELBP is exploited to extract local features from oriented edge magnitudes images. By this, the Elliptical Patterns of Oriented Edge Magnitudes (EPOEM) description is built. Thirdly, we propose a novel feature extraction method so called Patch based Local Phase Quantization of Monogenic components (PLPQMC). Lastly, a robust facial representation namely Local Patterns of Gradients (LPOG) is developed to capture meaningful features directly from gradient images. Chiefs among these methods are PLPQMC and LPOG as they are per se illumination invariant and blur tolerant. Impressively, our methods, while offering comparable or almost higher results than that of existing systems, have low computational cost and are thus feasible to deploy in real life applications.