Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-02T20:43:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LaianeSouto.pdf: 1543926 bytes, checksum: b4812ad4c2c00b039863648640d563e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T20:43:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LaianeSouto.pdf: 1543926 bytes, checksum: b4812ad4c2c00b039863648640d563e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-13 / Microcystin (MC-LR) are a class hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in surface water. scientific records show that the MC-LR, inhibits the action of intracellular proteins, alkaline phosphatases, but has also been proven to increase the enzyme acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) by the MC-LR action. Therefore, this study aimed to develop biosensors amperometric based AChE enzyme for indirect detection of MC-LR. For construction of the working electrode, a powder graphite paste containing hidroxicetilcelulose (HEC), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glutaraldehyde (Glu) was prepared. The slurry was incorporated into the AChE enzyme extracted bovine erythrocyte (EB) and electric eel (EE) as well as enzymes derived from Drosophila melanogaster was tested genetically modificadas.Também enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) obtained from human serum. A portion of the sensitive paste was deposited in the screen-printed sensor working electrode and performed characterization tests involving differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. cronoamperométricas readings were performed and the percentage built on activation curves (% RA) as a function of the concentration of MC-LR. Some operating conditions, such as working potential, electrochemical mediator, medium pH and substrate concentration, were optimized. enzyme activation assays showed that the EE-AChE enzyme showed best results percent relative activation (% RA) (> 10%), these values being directly proportional to the concentration of MC-LR. The biosensor developed proved accurate (CV ~ 8.32%), sensitive (Ld 0.27 μg .L-1 and LQ 0.91 μg .L-1) and accurate (recovery rates varying from 73 to 105%). The initial study proved to be the right biosensor to verify the presence of MC-LR in aquatic environments, this being then used in monitoring pollutant seven points of Bacanga River, an important aquatic ecosystem of San Luis, MA. The results indicated that there was no significant contamination. / Microcistinas (MC-LR) são uma classe de hepatotoxinas produzidas por cianobactérias em águas de superfície. Registros científicos comprovam que a MC-LR inibe a ação de proteínas intracelulares, as fosfatases alcalinas, mas também foi comprovado que sua ação aumenta a atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Portanto, esse trabalho objetivou desenvolver biossensores amperométricos à base da enzima AChE para detecção indireta da MC-LR. Para construção do eletrodo de trabalho, foi preparada uma pasta de grafite em pó contendo hidroxicetilcelulose (HEC), soroalbumina bovina (BSA) e glutaraldeído (Glu). A pasta foi incorporada às enzimas AChE extraídas do eritrócito bovino (EB) e da enguia elétrica (EE), bem como enzimas geneticamente modificadas extraídas da Drosophila melanogaster. Também foi testada a enzima butirilcolinesterase (BChE) obtida de soro humano. Uma porção da pasta sensivel foi depositada no eletrodo de trabalho de sensores serigrafados, e realizados testes de caracterização envolvendo voltametria de pulso diferencial e voltametria cíclica. Leituras cronoamperométricas foram realizadas, em seguida, construídas curvas da ativação relativa percentual (AR%) em função da concentração da MC-LR. As seguintes condições operacionais: potencial de trabalho, mediador eletroquímico, pH do meio e concentração do substrato, foram otimizadas. Os ensaios de ativação enzimática revelaram que a enzima AChE (EE) apresentou melhores resultados de ativação relativa percentual (AR %) (>10%), sendo esses valores diretamente proporcionais à concentração da MC-LR. O biossensor desenvolvido mostrou-se preciso Coeficiente de Variação (CV ~ 8,32%), sensível Limite de detecção e Quantificação (LD 0,27 μgL-1 e LQ 0,91 μgL-1) e exato (índices de recuperação variando de 73 a 105%). O estudo revelou ser o biossensor adequado à verificação da presença de MC-LR em ambientes aquáticos, tendo sido este então utilizado no monitoramento do poluente em sete pontos do Rio Bacanga, um importante ecossistema aquático de São Luis, MA. Os resultados indicaram não haver uma importante contaminação desse poluente nas áreas investigadas.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important food crops, comprising the largest source of daily calorie and protein intake of human beings worldwide. Among the several diseases of wheat, Yellow Rust (YR; caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici) and Leaf Rust (LR; caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss. & Henn.) have always been major production constraints since the domestication of wheat. For the last few decades, scientists have invested large efforts to identify, characterize and utilize Adult Plant Resistance (APR), a.k.a. slow rusting resistance, in wheat germplasm to promote durability of resistance against rust. The objectives of this study were to 1) understand the genetics of APR to YR and/or LR present in two potential wheat lines 'Quaiu 3' and 'TAM 111', and 2) map the putative Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with YR and LR resistance using DNA-based molecular markers. Two Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) populations were subjected to YR and LR disease evaluation experiments in multiple years and locations. Visual evaluation of Disease severity (DS) and Infection Type (IT) score in both RIL populations showed that APR to YR and LR were highly heritable quantitative traits with significant correlation among experiments. In spring wheat population, composite interval mapping consistently detected four and three large effect QTL for YR and LR resistance, respectively. Among those QTLs, 1B, 3B and 1D QTL were found to be associated with previously characterized genes Lr46/Yr29, Sr2/Yr30 and Lr42, respectively. However, QTLs QYr.tam-3D and QYr.tam-2D were potentially novel. The largest YR QTL QYr.tam-2D was located on long arm of chromosome 2D explaining about 48 to 61% of the total phenotypic variation. Similarly, in winter wheat population, apart from three environment-specific QTL on chromosomes 1A, 2A and 7D, the QTL on chromosome 2B (QYr.tam-2B) was found to express consistently in multiple environments explaining about 23 to 63% of total phenotypic variation. This study has further elucidated the inheritance mechanism of APR to YR and LR present in two different wheat lines, Quaiu 3 and TAM 111, and resulted in the successful mapping and characterization of the genetic loci associated with corresponding disease resistance traits. These findings should be very useful to isolate the novel APR genes and/or directly use in wheat breeding programs to enhance durable rust resistance in diverse wheat germplasm and cultivars in the future.

The baseband part of IEEE 802.15.4 operated in 2.45 GHz mode is designed and implemented in this essay. First, the features of IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN(Wireless Personal Area Network), PHY layer and MAC Layer are introduced. Then the algorithm and VHDL of the baseband part of transceiver are designed and verified by FPGA board and logical analyzer.

In recent years, the worldwide progress of wireless communication technology has bringing great benefit and convenience to our people¡¦s life. Nowadays, people can use appliances of wireless communication in many fields, such as family-monitoring, automatic system, and smart-type device¡Ketc. However, in order to dealing with the need of low cost and low power communication, the researcher spend many years on developing the specification of IEEE 802.15.4 Low Rate-Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) expected be applied in widespread use. In this thesis, we focus on the baseband signal processing for the physical layer specification of the 868/915MHz mode of the IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN. Our design blocks include packet detection, sampling point detection (energy detection), carrier frequency offset (CFO) compensation, carrier phase offset (CPO) compensation, and despreading algorithms. During the process of simulation, we¡¦ll examine whether our design match the criteria of standard such as sensitivity, packet format, and modulation. While our designs achieve the requirement of the standard, we start on quantization. Finally, we¡¦ll realize the algorithm in VHDL and examine it.

Šiame darbe analizuojama karo nusikaltimų traktuotė tarptautinės teisės aktuose bei Lietuvos Respublikos Baudžiamajame kodekse. Pirmiausia yra tiriama šių nusikalstamų veikų samprata tarptautiniuose aktuose ir, siekiant pateikti išsamų ir aiškų karo nusikaltimų apibrėžimą, yra išnagrinėjama šių nusikaltimų sampratos raida, taip pat analizuojamas jų ryšys su tarptautine humanitarine teise bei, viso to pasekoje, išskiriami pagrindiniai karo nusikaltimų požymiai, išskiriantys juos iš visų kitų nusikalstamų veikų: nusikaltimų padarymo laikas; sunkūs ir rimti tarptautinės teisės normų pažeidimai; dalykas ir nukentėjusieji; subjektas; subjektyvioji pusė; ryšys su ginkluotu konfliktu. Minėti požymiai darbe išsamiai analizuojami, apžvelgiant bei lyginant Tarptautinio baudžiamojo tribunolo buv. Jugoslavijai praktiką, taip pat Tarptautinio baudžiamojo teismo, tarptautinių baudžiamųjų tribunolų statutus, užsienio bei Lietuvos teisės doktriną. Nagrinėjant šiuos požymius yra akcentuojami daugiausia diskusijų sukėlę klausimai bei problemos, su kuriomis buvo susidurta reglamentuojant karo nusikaltimus bei iki šiol susiduriama juos taikant. Darbe taip pat analizuojama Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame kodekse įtvirtintų karo nusikaltimų samprata, jų rūšinė sudėtis, jos atitiktis tarptautinės teisės nuostatoms bei atskirų LR BK XV skyriuje nurodytų karo nusikaltimų atitiktis tarptautinės teisės normoms, taip pat akcentuojami kiti probleminiai LR BK XV skyriaus klausimai, pateikiami... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This thesis provides a detailed analysis of the approach to war crimes in the instruments of the International law and in the Criminal code of the Republic of Lithuania. First of all, the conception of war crimes in international documents is analized, with an objective to provide a clear and comprehensive definition of war crimes; also the link between war crimes and the humanitarian law is defined and the main elements that distinguishes war crimes from other crimes are provided. Those elements are: the circumstances in which war crimes are commited; grave breaches and other serious violations of the norms of the International law; the object and victims; subject; mens rea; nexus between war crime and armed conflict. The mentioned elements are analized in view and comparison of the case law of International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the statutes of International Criminal Court and the statutes of the International criminal tribunals and the approach to war crimes in Lithuanian and in International law. While analysing, the most controversional issues are being held and problems that appeared in implementing war crimes and are still appearing in practice are accented. This thesis also provides analysis of the concept of war crimes in the Criminal Code of Lithuania, the elements of war crimes, implemented in the Criminal code of Lithuania and the coincidence with the documents of International law. Also the problematic issues are held and some brief... [to full text]

The present constitution of the Republic of Lithuania is one of the Constitutions in Central and Eastern countries adopted at the end of XX century. There is no doubt that its conception had been influenced both by national and international factors: the countries’ constitutional traditions, the scholarly ideas of M. Romeris, proposals submitted by the Lithuanian and foreign researchers, institutes of former regime, democratic provisions of Western Europe, the experience of Central and Eastern European countries. This work is the analysis of a short, but diverse and complicated both in political and legal sense of the Lithuanian constitutionalism during 1988 – 1992, demonstrating the development of the vision of the constitutional regulation, how the creative process of the present Constitution was influenced by the changing political legal reality and the political life of the constitution process. The complex application of historical-legal and causal methods, using the analysis of normative and non-normative documents as well as applying other legal methods brings to the conclusion of the Master thesis that the preparation of the Constitution is a consecutive and purposeful process of creation and search for the most suitable constitutional model. Despite the fact that during the development process of the Constitution a quite heated political debate was taking place, the present Basic Law can be reasonably referred to as the result of the political and legal compromise... [to full text]

The theme of this thesis is to study the influence of soil conditioners on growth characteristics of newly planted trees. Thesis is the introduction of the theoretical part focuses on this topic. They included topics related to soil conditioners. The main basis for their use, basic soil properties and sorting improving products commercially available and their comparison, below are described using examples and experiences from scientific and academic experiments. In the first is a set of comprehensive knowledge on this topic. The second part is practical, about research. The survey examined the effect of three products (TerraCottem, Agrosil LR, Hydrogel) on the growth characteristics of newly planted trees over one year. They were evaluated results of this survey. At the conclusion is guided discussion of the theoretical and practical parts of a given conclusion about the use of these products in practice.

In fresh waters where cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) flourish, dense growths known as blooms occur. Such blooms present a threat to human and animal health as many of these cyanobacteria produce toxins. One such group of toxins are the microcystins which are hepatotoxic resulting in haemoraging and tumour promotion in the liver. There have been several reports of human poisonings resulting from the presence of cyanotoxins in potable waters, some of which have resulted in fatalities. The most frequently cited cyanotoxin in these poisonings has been microcystin-LR, which has prompted the World Health Organisation (WHO) to set a guideline for the recommended safe level of this toxin in drinking water of 1 mgl-1. Removal of microcystin-LR from potable waters has proven to be inefficient using conventional water treatment techniques such as coagualtion, filtration and chemical oxidation using chlorine. While activated carbon adsorption and membrane filtration have been shown to physically remove microcystin-LR from water the toxin is not destroyed. Recently the use of photocatalysis was shown to rapidly degrade microcystin-LR even at high concentrations. The process involves the illumination of a titanium dioxide catalyst with ultraviolet (UV) light to produce highly oxidising hydroxyl radicals in solution. While several researchers have demonstrated the process's effectiveness in degrading the toxin none have determined the fate of the compound, or if the toxicity related to microcystin-LR has been removed. This study was carried out to determine if photocatalytic oxidation of microcystin-LR was suitable as a treatment method for potable water supplies. Analysis of treated toxin samples by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photo-diode array detection (PDA) and mass spectroscopy established that the toxin was not completely degraded during photocatalysis. A simple toxicity assessment however indicated that by-products were non-toxic. Using the data from this work a proposed pathway for toxin destruction was produced giving the speculative identity of some of the by-products. The use of hydrogen peroxide to enhance UV mediated destruction of microcystin-LR has been previously reported. There have also been reports of the enhancement of photocatalytiC reaction in the presence of this oxidant. The work carried out in this study demonstrated that the destruction of microcystin-LR by photocatalysis was both more rapid and more efficient when hydrogen peroxide was present in the system. The use of a fixed film flow reactor was also investigated for microcystin-LR destruction. While degradation of the toxin occurred it was demonstrated that batch reactors were more efficient as a treatment method. The effectiveness of the photocatalytic process on microcystin-RR, -LW and -LF was also investigated. While destruction of a" the variants occurred during photocatalytic treatment each microcystin demonstrated different rates and efficiencies of photooxidation. It was concluded from this study that photocatalysis is a promising treatment method for the removal of microcystin-LR and other variants from potable waters. Further research however is required to assess if the tumour promoting effects of microcystin-LR are rendered inactive and to determine the behaviour of the toxins degradation in natural water supplies. The study also allowed for speculation as to how the degradation of the toxin occurred during the photocatalytic process.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:07:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7914_1.pdf: 1102767 bytes, checksum: a8e6410b5dc02a5eaab033c4625ca4a8 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Em virtude do aumento do número de relatos de intoxicações agudas e crônicas, tanto de animais como em seres humanos, por toxinas produzidas por cianobactérias presentes na água, já existe uma grande preocupação por parte das companhias responsáveis pelo tratamento e distribuição de água potável. A aplicação do processo de adsorção por carvão ativado em sistemas de tratamento de água vem sendo largamente utilizado para a remoção de contaminantes específicos. Neste trabalho analisou-se a eficiência na adsorção da toxina microcistina-LR, a mais comumente encontrada em todo o mundo, em água purificada, por carvões ativados em pó (CAPs) produzidos a partir de resíduos agrícolas e/ou rejeitos industriais (mesocarpo do coco verde, bagaço da cana-de-açúcar, endocarpo do coco verde e resíduo têxtil). O carvão produzido a partir do mesocarpo do coco verde apresentou melhores características adsortivas, avaliadas pela área de BET, número de iodo e índice de azul de metileno. Com este carvão foi avaliada a evolução cinética e construída a isoterma de adsorção da microcistina-LR. O modelo de Langmuir aplicado aos dados na modelagem cinética apresentou resultados satisfatórios para a hipótese de um modelo de 1º ordem e as isotermas apresentaram um comportamento do Tipo I, atingindo o equilíbrio em 120 h. A capacidade máxima adsortiva encontrada do CA do mesocarpo do coco verde foi de 69,9 mgg-1, o que mostra uma boa capacidade de adsorção quando comparada a outros adsorventes citados na literatura

A oferta de água vem se tornando cada vez mais diminuta à medida que a população, a indústria e a agricultura se expandem. A contaminação dos mananciais gerada pelo descarte de efluentes domésticos e industriais leva a eutrofização, processo pela qual grande aporte de nutrientes, particularmente fosfatos, leva ao crescimento excessivo de algas. As cianobactérias são microrganismos procariontes, que vivem nos ambientes mais adversos. A floração dessas algas quando presente em mananciais destinados ao consumo humano gera sérios problemas à saúde humana, pois algumas dessas algas podem gerar toxinas, conhecidas como hepatotoxinas, neurotoxinas e dermatotoxinas, de acordo com sua ação farmacológica. Dentre as hepatotoxinas encontramos a microcistina, um heptapeptídeo cíclico que pode levar à morte em horas ou dias. O objetivo desse estudo foi viabilizar a técnica HPLC, já proposta por outros autores, para quantificar microcistinas-LR em reservatórios de água, em escala empresarial para ser implementada em laboratórios de análise de águas. Para o desenvolvimento da técnica, foram utilizadas amostras de uma lagoa com floração de Microcystis. Para determinar a eficiência da técnica cromatográfica, foram realizados estudos com outro método, através do kit ELISA. Nessa etapa do trabalho, verificou-se que a técnica HPLC é mais sensível e viável para a quantificação das microcistinas. Nos experimentos realizados com a cromatografia líquida, observou-se que a coluna C-18 LiChrosorb (25 cm) 7 Sm utilizada no método, e o solvente metanol apresentaram grande influência nos resultados. À medida que os experimentos foram executados, verificou-se o decréscimo da sensibilidade da coluna. Os resultados foram satisfatórios apenas após a limpeza realizada na coluna, onde os padrões apresentaram uma curva de correlação igual a 0,92. Este fato leva a concluir que as colunas precisam ser renovadas para análises mais sensíveis, como no caso das microcistinas. As amostras extraídas com metanol apresentaram resultados relevantes, isto é, quanto maior a concentração de metanol utilizado na extração, maior a concentração de microcistina-LR obtida nos resultados, concluindo o metanol ser o solvente apropriado para a extração. Por fim, conclui-se que o método desenvolvido é viável, apresentando algumas dificuldades para sua implantação em escala empresarial. / The water supply has been decreasing more and more as the population, industry and agriculture expand. The contamination of the water sources generated by the domestic and industrial effluents discharges leads to the eutrophization, process where the large presence of nutrients, particularly phosphates, causes excessive increase of algae. The cyanobacteria are procaryote microorganisms which live in the most diverse environments. The florescence of the algae when present in sources directed to human consumption generates serious problems to the human health, for some of them may produce toxins known as hepatotoxins, neurotoxins and dermotoxins, according to their pharmacological action. Among the hepatotoxins, the microcystin, a cyclic heptapeptide that can lead to death in hours or days, is found. The objective of this study was to make feasible the use of the HPLC technique, already proposed by other authors, to quantify microcystins-LR in water reservoirs, in enterprise scale to be implemented in water analysis laboratories. In order to develop the technique, samples of water from a pond with Microcystis florescence were utilized. To evaluate the efficiency of the chromatographic technique, studies were performed with another method, through the ELISA kit. In this phase of the work, it was verified that the HPLC technique is the most sensible and viable for the quantification of the microcystins. It was observed, in the experiments performed with the liquid chromatography, that the column C-18 LiChrosorb (25 cm) 7 Sm utilized in the method and the methanol solvent presented great influence in the results. As the experiments were realized, the decrease of the sensibility of the column was verified. The results were satisfactory only after the column being cleaned, when the patterns presented a curve of correlation equal to 0.92. This fact leads to the conclusion that the columns need to be renewed for more sensible analysis, like in the case of the microcystins. The samples extracted with methanol presented relevant results, that is, the greater the concentration of the methanol utilized, the higher the concentration of microcystin-LR obtained in the results, leading to the conclusion that methanol was the solvent adequate to the extraction. Finally, it was concluded that the method developed is feasible, presenting some difficulties concerning its implantation in enterprise scale.