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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2002. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 209-236). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

The glycosylation patterns of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) have become very important in determining therapeutic abilities of many drugs. The thesis studied 3 cell lines producing humanized Mabs in the presence of variable concentrations of the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) to artificially lower the CRP and affect glycan patterns. A new high-throughput hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method was developed and used to show a decrease in the Galactosylation Index (GI) of NS0 IgG1 by as much as 50% in cultures with CRP values lower than -100 mV. The shift in GI was unique to NS0 cultures; CHO DP-12 indicated no significant change in GI but did have a 7% increase in fucosylated species in cultures with higher [DTT]. Furthermore no DTT related shifts were observed in any of the CHO EG2-hFc glycans. EG2-hFc did however have an exceptionally high GI of 0.625 compared to GIs of 0.245 in DP-12 and 0.314 in NSO. Another component of the trials determined, using S35 radiolabeling, that the assembly pathway of IgG1 progressed via HC→HC2→HC2LC→HC2LC2 and that the ratio of heavy chain dimer to heavy chain monomer increased greatly over time for cultures with higher DTT concentrations. The increase in heavy chain dimers and lower GI appear to be correlated, possibly due to disruption of the disulfide bonds between LC and HC within the Golgi. This disruption in disulfide bonds affecting galactosyltransferase (GalT) activity is supported by the findings that the partially reduced fragments of IgG1; HC and HC2, are less galactosylated than the HC2LC and whole IgG1 when treated with GalT. When native and agalactosylated EG2-hFc and IgG1 were treated with GalT in vitro, EG2-hFc exhibited an almost 10 fold higher activity level. The cause for the higher activity may be due to overall size difference or point mutations in the Fc region of EG2-hFc. Through the manipulation of CRP, glycan patterns can be influenced however the effect is not universal and must be determined on a per cell line basis. Furthermore, EG2-hFc’s higher GI value may translate into better in vivo activity as a therapeutic and determination of reasons for the high GI may lead to better means for future glycoengineering. / February 2015

In the past 15-20 years, advances in antibody engineering have facilitated the generation and isolation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to a wide array of antigens. Consequently, mAbs have become essential therapeutic tools and currently dominate the global protein therapeutics market. The engineering of anti-infective antibodies, however, has proven quite a challenge, despite the fact that antibodies were naturally evolved to fight infections. The identification of suitable antigens, the mode of administration and the high cost associated with the production of antibody therapeutics are some of the major hurdles for the progress of anti-infective antibodies. This dissertation addresses issues concerning the development of anti-infective antibodies against two different pathogens: SARS coronavirus (CoV) and two pathogenic species of Burkholderia bacteria. To investigate the role of affinity in viral neutralization and evolution of escape mutants, we first sought to isolate an antibody with high affinity towards the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV. Following high-throughput screening of a library of random mutants via the APEx display system, we isolated antibodies with affinities in the range of 0.8 nM - 0.1 nM. The affinity was further improved by additional mutagenesis and DNA shuffling, and a high affinity variant (45pM) with ~300-fold improvement over the parental antibody was isolated. Evaluation of these antibodies in an in vitro assay demonstrated that neutralization of wild-type Urbani strain of SARS-CoV correlates well with the affinity of the antibody, with higher affinity leading to greater neutralization. Moreover, the antibody exhibiting the highest affinity could neutralize SARS-CoV escape mutants that evaded neutralization by both parental and lower affinity antibodies. Another important aspect for the development of anti-infective antibodies concerns the identification of suitable antigen targets to be used in the isolation of antibodies. In an effort to develop a high-throughput screening method for the isolation of antibodies to a wide array of antigens, we used a synthetic antibody (Fab) library constructed by a minimalist approach and displayed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage. The library was screened against antigens from Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. After only three rounds of selection and enrichment against five different antigens, we obtained Fabs specific to four of the antigens as confirmed by ELISA. These results not only demonstrate the use of a synthetic antibody library for the isolation of antibodies against infectious pathogens, but also its feasibility, and potential applicability as a high-throughput screen for a variety of antigens. / text

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