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Investigating patterns of deep sea coral and sponge diversity and abundance across multiple spatial scales in the Central PacificKennedy, Brian R.C. 01 November 2023 (has links)
The deep sea is the largest ecosystem on the planet, comprising more than 90% of the volume that life can inhabit, yet it is the least explored biome in the world. The deep sea includes the benthos, which makes up 91.5 % of all the seafloor globally, and the water column deeper than 200 meters. It hosts a wealth of ecosystems including deep-sea vents, seamount coral gardens, abyssal plains, high-productivity whale falls, and life even in the deepest trenches. We now understand that all of these ecosystems host a variety of habitats, each with their own ecology and unique species. These ecosystems and habitats- and their associated biodiversity- provide essential ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, nutrient regeneration, microbial processes detoxification, fisheries provisioning, and many others. However, despite the uniqueness of these ecosystems and the importance of the services they provide, we still know far less about them than we do about their shallow water and terrestrial counterparts. In this dissertation, I contribute new insights about the patterns of biodiversity in the Pacific Ocean across a large geographic area, and across a wide range of depths. To that end, in Chapter 1, I have used one of the largest ocean exploration datasets to look for patterns of the abundance and diversity across the most
common benthic invertebrate families found on Pacific seamounts: Anthozoa, Porifera, and Echinodermata across the Central and Western Pacific. In addition to quantifying the diversity and abundance of known taxa, I also documented patterns of as-of-yet unidentified taxa by region, depth, and deepwater feature (seamount shape). Building on patterns associated with seamount shape that were described in Chapter 2, I focused on the effect of seamount shape on the diversity and abundance of deep-sea coral communities in Chapter 3. The analysis presented in Chapter 3 provides strong support for the novel hypothesis that gross seamount morphology is a significant driver of community composition. In Chapter 4, I focused on a single seamount to investigate biodiversity and abundance of coral and sponge taxa on a finer spatial scale, examining the role of direction (N, S, E, W) on different flanks of a single equatorial seamount. This analysis yielded interesting consistent patterns of zonation on all sides of the seamount in terms of depth, but with differences in abundance patterns on each flank for individual taxa. Finally, in Chapter 5, I took a global perspective to investigate gaps in deepwater data, with the goal of determining what regions need further exploration to conclusively determine patterns of deep-sea biodiversity, which will be critical for determining the health of deepwater ecosystems under climate change conditions with increased exploitation pressure and cooccuring with increased conservation efforts. Merging Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) records with the largest collection of deep submergence dive records ever collected, I used proposed biogeographic provinces schema to identify areas with the least supporting data. Additionally, I coupled records from OBIS with climate change projections to identify the areas with the fewest number of biodiversity records that are likely to change the fastest under different IPCC projections. These areas of low number of records and high likelihood of change by the end of the century should become priority targets for future exploration. Taken together, this dissertation provides valuable insights and generates new hypotheses about patterns and drivers of deep-sea biodiversity, and puts forth recommendations for future research and exploration efforts.
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A case of wastewater management modeling in the southern Singapore sea: application for coral reef protectionPu, Jaan H., Guo, Yakun, Rahman, M.A., Hanmaiahgari, P.R. 20 October 2018 (has links)
No
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Conceptual hydrodynamic-thermal mapping modelling for coral reefs at south Singapore seaPu, Jaan H. 22 December 2015 (has links)
Yes / Coral reefs are important ecosystems that not only provide shelter and breeding ground for many marine species, but can also control of carbon dioxide level in ocean and act as coastal protection mechanism. Reduction of coral reefs at Singapore coastal waters (SCW) region remains as an important study to identify the environmental impact from its busy industrial activities especially at the surrounding of Jurong Island in the south. This kind of study at SCW was often being related to issues such as turbidity, sedimentation, pollutant transport (from industry activities) effects in literatures, but seldom investigated from the thermal change aspect. In this paper, a computational model was constructed using the Delft3D hydrodynamic module to produce wave simulations on sea regions surrounding Singapore Island. The complicated semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal wave events experienced by SCW were simulated for 2 weeks duration and compared to the Admiralty measured data. To simulate the thermal mapping at the south Singapore coastal waters (SSCW) region, we first adapted a conversion of industrial to thermal discharge; then from the discharge affected area a thermal map was further computed to compare with the measured coral map. The outcomes show that the proposed novel thermal modelling approach has quite precisely simulated the coral map at SSCW, with the condition that the near-field thermal sources are considered (with the coverage area in the limit of 20 km × 20 km). / The author also acknowledges the support of Nazarbayev University’s (Kazakhstan) research seed grant no. KF-12/6 for purchasing and providing the Delft3D software used in this study (which the author is the principal investigator of the grant)
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The role of the threespot damselfish, Stegastes planifrons, in contemporary Caribbean reef ecologyHusain, Ellen January 2011 (has links)
Caribbean reef ecosystems have undergone major ecological changes in the last 30 – 40 years, with the result that ecological systems once dominated by structurally complex Acropora cervicornis and Montastraea annularis corals now consist mainly of flattened carbonate substrates with macroalgal overgrowth. A need for greater understanding of coral reef ecosystems is imperative if we are to attempt to conserve them. The threespot damselfish, Stegastes planifrons, is herbivorous damselfish species ubiquitous to Caribbean reefs, where it has been termed a keystone species. Aggressive in nature, S. planifrons defends territories of around 70 cm in diameter from other roving herbivorous fish and urchins, in apparent effort to maintain the algal resources therein for its own use. The predilection of Stegastes planifrons for basing its territories on the now Critically Endangered staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, and the Endangered boulder coral Montastraea annularis is well known, however the likely ecological implications of this fact have not been investigated. Using a combination of experimental and observational methodologies we examine the ecological implications of coral microhabitat choice and use by S. planifrons. We also assess the magnitude of the direct and indirect effects of S. planifrons’ territorial behaviour on macroalgal dynamics both within and outside of territory confines, at the reef-wide level. We find that coral microhabitat is a more important determinant of algal community structure than damselfish presence, and that this can be explained by a previously unrecognised effect of coral microhabitat on the grazing behaviour of roving herbivorous fishes - on which S. planifrons’ territorial behaviour has little effect. In a modification of the space availability hypothesis of Williams et al (2001) we suggest that Acropora cervicornis acts as a grazing fish „exclusion zone‟, and we further hypothesise that the existence of large stands of this coral prior to the Caribbean „phase shift‟ may have acted to concentrate the grazing pressure of excluded roving fish onto the remaining areas of the reef. We further hypothesise that the loss of such „exclusion zones‟ and accompanied effective dilution of grazing pressure may have been on a scale large enough to have been a significant underlying factor in the proliferation of macroalgae seen on modern day Caribbean reefs. In the absence of demonstrable direct or indirect effects on benthic algal communities we question the continued keystone status of S. planifrons, particularly since the status 6 was originally based on interference behaviour involving the important grazing urchin Diadema antillarum, which is now functionally absent from Caribbean reefs. Implications of the context-dependant nature of keystone status are also discussed. We find that the effect of S. planifrons on coral community may be more important than its effects on benthic algal community. In examining the factors involved in habitat coral choice we establish a significant preference for 100% live coral substrate over substrates with a supply of algal food. Territory selection was followed by a high rate of coral biting – a behaviour which has previously been shown to result in coral tissue death and the fast establishment of algal turf communities on which S. planifrons likes to feed (Kaufman 1977). We also demonstrate a novel and significant association between S. planifrons presence and disease incidence its primary habitat coral, the Critically Endangered staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis, and a significant correlation between areas of fish biting and the later onset of disease. Changes to the overall role of damselfish on today's Caribbean reefs are discussed in light of these insights.
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Hong Kong's scleractinian coral communities: status, threats and proposals for managementMcCorry, Denise. January 2002 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Ecology and Biodiversity / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy
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A multi-species mariculturesystem : a holistic approach to ornamental cultureHayden, Jason January 2010 (has links)
Thesis (MTech (Oceanography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010 / Coral reefs are in a worldwide state of crisis due to overexploitation. One of the
factors contributing to the over exploitation is the marine ornamental industry. This
industry utilises a diversity of organisms, comprising approximately 1470 species of
fish and more than 300 species of invertebrates. Between April and December 2007,
five of the 18 companies who had import permits for South Africa, imported a total of
359 different ornamental species, 252 of these were fish species while the remaining
107 species were invertebrates. During these nine months a total of 32 005 individual
organisms were imported into South Africa by the five companies. There were two
groups of fish that represented the highest import volumes. These were Amphiprion
spp. and Pomacentradae spp., as well as the Gobidae spp. These groups
represented 38% and 19% respectively of the total number of fish imported"
Aquaculture has the potential to substantially reduce the harvesting pressure on coral
reef organisms globally. A small-scale multi-species mariculture system was
designed and constructed for benthic egg-laying species of fish (brood stock), corals,
and ornamental algae. The system was designed to be low cost and easy to
operate. The total capital costs for the system was R15 680.70.
In order to estimate the potential yield of an aquaculture facility it is important to know
the growth rate of the proposed species under pilot conditions. The use of artificial
lighting regimes in aquaculture comes at a financial cost. It is for this reason that it is
important to know what lighting scenario yields the highest growth rate of corals. The
effects of photoperiod were tested on Sinularia sp. of coral. Two photoperiods were
tested, namely: Groups (8:16 h Iight:dark cycle) and Group12 (12:12 h light:dark
cycle). No significant difference in weight was found between Group8 and Group12 (p
= 0.975). There was however a significant increase (p = 0.002) in Surface-area Pixel
Value (SPV) for Groups (1996.73 millipixels pixel-1 day -1) compared to Group12
(983.73 millipixels pixel-1 day -1). The use of a 8:16 h lightdark cycle can thus yield
coral of a larger size but not necessarily a higher mass.
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A comparative study of the work performance of forty-two handicapped member-employees, Veterans Administration Hospital, Coral Gables, Florida, July 1957 - September 1959Unknown Date (has links)
"The purpose of this study was to compare the work performance of two groups of handicapped veterans. One group had diagnosed psychiatric handicaps, and the other group physical handicaps. All of the veterans were member-employees on the Member-Employee Program at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Coral Gables, Florida, between July 27, 1957 (the inception of the Program), and September 30, 1959. Selected evaluative items defining work performance were compared for possible differences between the two groups"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "June, 1960." / "Submitted to the Graduate School of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Work." / Advisor: Merle M. Foeckler, Professor Directing Study. / Includes bibliographical references.
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The impacts of harmful algal blooms on a Florida reef fish communityUnknown Date (has links)
Coral reefs worldwide are threatened by many environmental disturbances including harmful algal blooms (HABs) which have been increasing on Florida coasts over the past decade. Research has mainly focused on HAB identification, percent cover and other effects on the benthos but the relationship of HABs with upper trophic levels has received less attention. To study this relationship, a two-year investigation on a 10-m deep reef off of Hallandale Beach, was conducted. Stationary fish census coupled with benthic transect videos were conducted quarterly between April 2005-July 2007. A significant correlation between Lyngbya sp. blooms and alterations in fish assemblages was observed. Lyngbya had a negative interaction with fish species and abundance; additionally, HAB sample periods were significantly different from low algal abundance periods. Blooms of Dictyota sp. had no measurable relationship with the fish assemblage indicating HABs may have variable impacts on fishes depending on family, species and chemistry of the algae. / by Rex E. Baumberger, Jr. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2008. Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Cor Mio, Coro Mio, Curumim: história, análise de seis peças de um repertório multicultural para coro infantil e estratégias lúdicas do Coro Curumim da Associação Cultural Cantosospeso, entre 1993 e 2003, em Milão, ItáliaJust, Elisabete 24 October 2013 (has links)
Esta dissertação pretende apresentar um histórico contextualizado e comentado de trabalho de coro infantil realizado em Milão, na Itália, com o Coro Curumim da Associação Cultural Cantosospeso, entre 1993 e 2003, assim como um estudo sobre as estratégias lúdicas utilizadas e a concepção de seu repertório multicultural de canções. Ressaltando a importância dessas estratégias lúdicas, tanto para o trabalho mais técnico, voltado aos modos de cantar tal repertório, como para a compreensão sociocultural do cantar e do fazer musical em geral, sobretudo no âmbito que circunscreve a concepção musical e sociocultural de cada povo contemplado nas canções que compreendem o cancioneiro empregado e das próprias crianças envolvidas, pretendeu-se contribuir para o desenvolvimento da área de canto coral infantil e, por que não dizer, da educação musical, e compartilhar com regentes corais, educadores musicais e estudantes de música, principalmente, uma experiência que consideramos formadora e transformadora. / This dissertation aims to provide a contextualized, commented history of a children\'s choir work performed in Milan, Italy, with the Curumim Choir, a group of Cantosospeso Cultural Association, between 1993 and 2003, as well as a study on the ludic strategies used and the design of its multicultural songs repertoire. Underscoring the importance of these ludic strategies for both the more technical work, focused on ways to sing this repertoire, and the sociocultural understanding of singing and music making in general, especially in the context that circumscribes both the musical and the sociocultural conception of every people contemplated in the songs that comprise both the repertoire employed and the children involved, it is intended to contribute to the development of the children\'s choir area, why not say, music education, and share with choir directors, music educators and music students, mainly, an experiment we consider formative and transformative.
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Exploring the climate change refugia potential of equatorial Pacific coral reefsDrenkard, Elizabeth Joan January 2015 (has links)
Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references. / Global climate models project a 21st century strengthening of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). The consequent increase in topographic upwelling of cool waters onto equatorial coral reef islands would mitigate warming locally and modulate the intensity of coral bleaching. However, EUC water is potentially more acidic and richer in dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN), both widely considered detrimental to coral reef health. My analysis of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation product indicates that the EUC has indeed strengthened over the past 130 years. This result provides an historical baseline and dynamical reference for future intensification. Additionally, I reared corals in laboratory experiments, co-manipulating food, light and CO2 (acidity) to test the role of nutrition in coral response to elevate CO2 conditions. Heterotrophy yields larger corals but CO2 sensitivity is independent of feeding. Conversely, factors that enhance zooxanthellate photosynthesis (light and DIN) reduce CO2 sensitivity. Corals under higher light also store more lipid but these reserves are not utilized to maintain calcification under elevated CO2 My results suggest that while mitigation of CO2 effects on calcification is not linked to energetic reserve, EUC fueled increases in DIN and productivity could reduce effects of elevated CO2 on coral calcification. / by Elizabeth Joan Drenkard. / Ph. D.
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