In Canada, people who experience mental health disability are over-represented among those who die in police interactions. At present, there is sparse national data available about the nature and extent of police-involved deaths of persons who experience mental health disability. Using mixed methods including access to information requests, media analysis and thematic analysis, this study analyzes data from coroner and medical examiner reports produced from 2004 to 2014, including descriptions of 433 police-involved deaths in Canada to explore the over-representation of people who experience mental health disability. Secondly, it provides a review of contemporary case law on legal liability and accountability of police, comparing traditional tort law and criminal prosecution approaches with the potential for discrimination claims on the ground of disability. This review focuses on police use of force and considers the benefits and drawbacks to tort, criminal and human rights law as means of legal accountability for police-involved injuries and deaths of persons who experience mental health disability. Employing a typology of police-involved deaths, it is demonstrated that persons who are perceived to experience mental health impairment are over-represented among several types of police-involved deaths subject to coroner or medical examiner proceedings. Further, it is suggested that recommendations stemming from coroner and medical examiner reports offer few helpful suggestions for meaningful reform to prevent such deaths. Lastly, it is suggested that discrimination claims are unlikely to prove more successful than tort claims or criminal prosecution as a means of sparking police reform. However, recognition of the potential for systemic discrimination by police should cause governments to re-evaluate police practices and societal strategies to address mental health crises.

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The purpose of the present series of experiments was to examine in some detail the characteristics of short-term memory in object discrimination learning set ( ODLS ) -experienced bluejays (Cyanocitt a Cristata ) . ODLS consists of the presentation of a series of two -choice simultaneous discrimination problems. Typically, non-correction procedures are used with position irrelevant throughout. Each new problem is defined by the introduction of a new pair of discriminative stimuli ODLS acquisition is defined as an increase in the speed of solving new problems accompanying experience with problem solving. Most comparative research performed with ODLS as the basic paradigm has concentrated on demonstration of ODLS acquisition . The only exceptions to this have been a large number of experiments with primates as subjects , particularly rhesus and other macaque species. The present experiment was designed to provide more analytic information about ODLS behavior in a species vastly different from the rhesus monkey.

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