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Com o objetivo de estudar a redução na geração de resíduos sólidos no processo por lodo ativado por meio de adição química, foi montada uma Estação de Tratamento Piloto na área do Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica, situado dentro do Campus da Universidade de São Paulo, na cidade de São Paulo. A ETE Piloto é composta de dois sistemas em paralelo, e idênticos, de tratamento por lodo ativado convencional em mistura completa. A pesquisa foi realizada em três fases distintas e consecutivas. Em todas as três etapas, o primeiro sistema de tratamento da ETE Piloto (Sistema I) recebeu a adição do produto Dosfolat XS, com a intenção de verificar se esse provocaria realmente, a redução do lodo gerado, em comparação com o segundo sistema (Sistema II) que não recebeu Dosfolat XS. As três fases da pesquisa consistiram, respectivamente, na operação dos dois sistemas, em paralelo, durante 94, 79 e 133 dias efetivos, com alimentação de esgoto decantado na vazão de 5 m3/dia nas duas primeiras etapas e com esgoto bruto na vazão de 2m3/dia na fase final. Ao longo das três fases do experimento, foram verificadas as condições de sedimentabilidade, as concentrações de sólidos em suspensão totais e voláteis do lodo dos reatores biológicos, e as eficiências de remoção de DBO, DQO, Nitrogênio Total e Fósforo dos dois sistemas paralelos. Os resultados obtidos nessa pesquisa somente indicaram eficiência do produto Dosfolat XS na redução da geração de lodo no tratamento de esgoto por lodo ativado, em relação ao tratamento por lodo ativado sem a adição de Dosfolat XS. / Aiming to study the reduction in waste production in the activated sludge process, a Treatment Pilot Plant was built at Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica, situated at the campus of Universidade de São Paulo, in São Paulo. The Pilot Plant was composed of two parallel and identical systems, that were operated in the conventional activated sludge process with complete mixing. This study was conducted in three different and successive phases. In each phase, the first system received addition of Dosfolat XS, in order to verify if this product would decrease the quantity of produced sludge, in comparison with the second system, which did not receive any addition. The three phases above mentioned were consisted in the operation of those two systems during 94, 79 and 133 effective days respectively. There was, in the first and second phases, primary effluent feeding at 5m3/day flow and, in the third phase, raw wastewater feeding at 2m3/day. During this three phase experiment, its several parameters were monitored: settleability parameters, total and volatile suspended solids concentration of the sludge in the biologic reactors, and the removal efficiency of BOD, COD, TKN and Phosphorus for those two parallel systems. The results of this study indicated only the efficiency of Dosfolat XS to decrease the quantity of produced sludge in wastewater treated by activated sludge process, in comparison with the activated sludge process without Dosfolat XS addition.

Qiao, Mu. / "June 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 190-209). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Com o objetivo de estudar a redução na geração de resíduos sólidos no processo por lodo ativado por meio de adição química, foi montada uma Estação de Tratamento Piloto na área do Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica, situado dentro do Campus da Universidade de São Paulo, na cidade de São Paulo. A ETE Piloto é composta de dois sistemas em paralelo, e idênticos, de tratamento por lodo ativado convencional em mistura completa. A pesquisa foi realizada em três fases distintas e consecutivas. Em todas as três etapas, o primeiro sistema de tratamento da ETE Piloto (Sistema I) recebeu a adição do produto Dosfolat XS, com a intenção de verificar se esse provocaria realmente, a redução do lodo gerado, em comparação com o segundo sistema (Sistema II) que não recebeu Dosfolat XS. As três fases da pesquisa consistiram, respectivamente, na operação dos dois sistemas, em paralelo, durante 94, 79 e 133 dias efetivos, com alimentação de esgoto decantado na vazão de 5 m3/dia nas duas primeiras etapas e com esgoto bruto na vazão de 2m3/dia na fase final. Ao longo das três fases do experimento, foram verificadas as condições de sedimentabilidade, as concentrações de sólidos em suspensão totais e voláteis do lodo dos reatores biológicos, e as eficiências de remoção de DBO, DQO, Nitrogênio Total e Fósforo dos dois sistemas paralelos. Os resultados obtidos nessa pesquisa somente indicaram eficiência do produto Dosfolat XS na redução da geração de lodo no tratamento de esgoto por lodo ativado, em relação ao tratamento por lodo ativado sem a adição de Dosfolat XS. / Aiming to study the reduction in waste production in the activated sludge process, a Treatment Pilot Plant was built at Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica, situated at the campus of Universidade de São Paulo, in São Paulo. The Pilot Plant was composed of two parallel and identical systems, that were operated in the conventional activated sludge process with complete mixing. This study was conducted in three different and successive phases. In each phase, the first system received addition of Dosfolat XS, in order to verify if this product would decrease the quantity of produced sludge, in comparison with the second system, which did not receive any addition. The three phases above mentioned were consisted in the operation of those two systems during 94, 79 and 133 effective days respectively. There was, in the first and second phases, primary effluent feeding at 5m3/day flow and, in the third phase, raw wastewater feeding at 2m3/day. During this three phase experiment, its several parameters were monitored: settleability parameters, total and volatile suspended solids concentration of the sludge in the biologic reactors, and the removal efficiency of BOD, COD, TKN and Phosphorus for those two parallel systems. The results of this study indicated only the efficiency of Dosfolat XS to decrease the quantity of produced sludge in wastewater treated by activated sludge process, in comparison with the activated sludge process without Dosfolat XS addition.

A epigenética é uma subárea da Genética, na qual são estudados mecanismos que são essenciais para o adequado desenvolvimento dos mamíferos, sendo que, alterações neste estágio podem levar a vários distúrbios metabólicos, como a obesidade. Atualmente a obesidade é um grave problema de saúde pública mundial, tem origem multifatorial envolvendo tanto fatores ambientais quanto genéticos. Existem alguns genes que estão envolvidos com a obesidade, como por exemplo, o gene da pró-opiomelanocortina (POMC). O objetivo do presente projeto de pesquisa é investigar os padrões de expressão e metilação do gene Pomc na prole de ratas submetidas às dietas deficiente e suplementada com ácido fólico. Os animais utilizados foram ratos Wistar. O estudo envolveu filhotes (n=24) machos e fêmeas que foram desmamados com a mesma dieta de suas respectivas mães, sendo três grupos de tratamento, o grupo controle (2,0 mg de ácido fólico/kg de ração), o grupo deficiente (0,5 mg de ácido fólico/kg de ração) e o grupo suplementado (8 mg de ácido fólico/kg de ração). Foram coletadas amostras do núcleo arqueado do hipotálamo, a partir das quais foram extraídos DNA, RNA e proteínas utilizando kits comerciais seguindo o protocolo do fabricante. Com o DNA foi realizada a análise do padrão de metilação. O mRNA foi utilizado para a análise da expressão gênica, por PCR em tempo real, pelo sistema TaqMan® (Life Technologies(TM)). O estudo de proteômica foi realizado por Western blotting. De modo geral, observou-se que o peso corpóreo dos filhotes machos não apresentou diferença estatística entre os grupos. O consumo de ração do grupo deficiente em ácido fólico foi estatisticamente (p = 0,03) maior do que o grupo controle. Em relação aos filhotes fêmeas observou-se que o peso corpóreo do grupo suplementado foi estatisticamente (p = 0,01) maior do que o grupo controle, e referente ao consumo de ração, não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos de tratamento. As análises de peso cerebral, expressão gênica, metilação e expressão proteica de Pomc não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os grupos de tratamento de ambos os sexos. Conclui-se que a intervenção com dietas com diferentes concentrações de ácido fólico não ocasionou alterações significativas na prole, em relação ao estudo de proteômica e aos padrões de metilação e expressão do gene Pomc. Quanto ao peso corpóreo e consumo de ração dos animais mostrou-se que a suplementação com ácido fólico durante a gestação e no pós desmame foi capaz de alterar estes dois parâmetros, com resposta divergente entre os machos e fêmeas na prole adulta. / Epigenetic mechanisms are essential for proper development in mammals, and that changes at this stage may lead to various metabolic disorders such as obesity. Currently obesity is a serious problem of public health worldwide, has a multifactorial origin involving both environmental and genetic factors. There are some genes that are involved with obesity, such as the proopiomelanocortin gene (POMC). The aim of this research project is to investigate the expression and methylation patterns of the Pomc gene in the offspring of rats subjected to deficient and supplemented diets with folic acid. Animals used were Wistar rats. The study involved males and females pups (n = 24) that were weaned at the same diet their mothers, three treatment groups, control group (2,0 mg/kg of folic acid), deficient group (0,5 mg/kg of folic acid) and the supplemented group (8,0 mg/kg of folic acid). The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus tissue were collected, from which was extracted DNA, RNA and proteins using commercially available kits following the manufacturer\'s protocol. The DNA methylation pattern analysis was performed. The mRNA was used for the analysis of gene expression by real time PCR, the TaqMan (Life Technologies (TM)) system. The proteomic study was carried out by Western blotting. In general, we found that the body weight of the male offspring showed no statistical difference between the groups. The feed intake of folic acid deficient group was statistically (p = 0.03) higher than the control group. In relation to female offspring was observed that the body weight of the supplemented group was statistically (p = 0.01) higher than the control group, and related to feed intake, there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups. The analysis of brain weight, gene expression, methylation and protein expression of Pomc no significant statistical differences among treatment groups of both sexes. Concluded that the intervention diets with different folic acid concentrations did not cause significant changes in the offspring compared to the study of proteomics and methylation and expression patterns of the Pomc gene. As for the body weight and feed consumption of animals it showed that supplementation with folic acid during pregnancy and post weaning was able to alter these two parameters with differing response between males and females in the adult offspring.

Most naturally occurring folate derivatives in foods are highly sensitive to temperature, oxygen, light, and their stability is affected by food processing conditions. Edible polysaccharides (hydrocolloids) were evaluated for folic acid encapsulation, both as single and mixed polymers as a way of increasing folic acid stability. Results obtained from the study demonstrate for the first time dietary incorporation of encapsulated folic acid using Cheddar cheese as the delivery vehicle mitigates against hyperhomocysteinemia and monocyte/macrophage adhesion in mice. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Reprints of the author's previously published articles included as an appendix. Bibliography: leaves 165-188. "This thesis describes a series of experiments that aimed to investigate the effects of folic acid deficiency and defects in folate metabolism on chromosome damage rates in human lymphocytes. The accumulation of chromosome damage over time is an important issue because it is thought to contribute to the mechanism of ageing and the aetiology of diseases of age such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease."

This thesis describes a study on the impact of selected nutrients, growth hormones and in vivo genome stability on breast cancer risk in BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutation carriers. Peripheral blood lymphocyes of BRCA germline mutation carriers and healthy non-carrier controls were studied for the impact of folic acid deficiency on genome damage and the methionine-dependence phenotype (MDP; in combination with common polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism) on breast cancer risk, respectively. Plasma IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were determined and chromosome 17 aneuploidy and Her2 amplification were assessed in mononucleated lymphocytes to establish the association of these markers on breast cancer risk in BRCA germline mutation carriers, independently or in combination with plasma folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine, selenium and common gene variants in the one-carbon metabolism, DNA repair genes or glutathionine S-transferase.

Reprints of the author's previously published articles included as an appendix. / Bibliography: leaves 165-188. / xiv, 189 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / "This thesis describes a series of experiments that aimed to investigate the effects of folic acid deficiency and defects in folate metabolism on chromosome damage rates in human lymphocytes. The accumulation of chromosome damage over time is an important issue because it is thought to contribute to the mechanism of ageing and the aetiology of diseases of age such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 2002?

Obesity in pregnancy has been associated with an elevated risk for neural tube defects, though it is unknown if this is linked to a lower folate status in obese women. Studies have identified a reduced folate status among obese women even after controlling for folate intake. Thus, it is possible that folic acid pharmacokinetics are altered in the obese body. In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetics of folic acid in obese and non-obese women of childbearing age, following administration of a weight-adjusted dose. Area under the concentration-time curve was found to be significantly higher in the obese group, with the dose per kilogram lean body weight most strongly predicting systemic exposure. Estimation of the daily dose required to achieve protective blood concentrations did not identify a need to change supplementation recommendations for obese women. Accordingly, current guidelines appear to suggest adequate doses for obese women of childbearing age.