For the purpose of investigating the fundamental nature of the interannual oscillation observed in the tropical Pacific in conjunction with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set was analyzed. Based upon this analysis, an "intermediate" tropical atmosphere-ocean coupled model was developed. For reason of their particular importance to atmosphere-ocean interactions, moisture processes such as condensation-convergence, evaporation-sea surface temperature and evaporation-wind feedbacks were given special emphasis in both the data analysis and modeling processes. The atmospheric component of the model is based on the first baroclinic mode, which is driven by the atmospheric internal heating. The oceanic model consists of two layers with an imbedded oceanic mixed-layer, by which SST is predicted. The present study has demonstrated that despite the structural simplicity of the oceanic model, it is capable of simulating mean oceanic circulation. In preparation for coupling, individual models were first tested with the use of appropriate time-dependent boundary conditions specified from the composite ENSO data. Both model simulations reproduced the major features associated with the ENSO events. Coupling was performed following the imposition of wind stress anomalies over the western Pacific for a given time period and the removal of all external forcing for a period of eight years thereafter. The coupled responses simulated during the the first two-year period provided reasonable simulations of the following ENSO-like features: the appearance of warm sea-surface temperature anomalies in the central Pacific, deepening/shallowing of mixed-layers in the eastern/western Pacific, weakening of the trades in the central Pacific, strengthening/weakening of the North Equatorial Counter Current/South Equatorial Currents, and enhanced convective activities around the dateline. The long-term coupled integration showed a pattern of interannual oscillation over a period of approximately three years. The results obtained from this coupling study have illustrated (1) that the necessary condition for the interannual oscillation is the interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean and (2) that it is likely that oceanic wave dynamics plays a crucial role in the determination of the growth and decay of ENSO events. / Graduation date: 1991

Este trabajo de investigación titulado cuidado del niño en madres adolescentes Microred Cono Norte cuyo objetivo: fue determinar la relación de las características de la madre adolescente y el cuidado de su niño, donde participaron 42 madres adolescentes que acuden al control de crecimiento y desarrollo de la Microred Cono Norte 2012 y para la recolección de datos se usó una encuesta llegándose a obtener los siguientes resultados, el 85,71% tiene entre 16 a 17 años aún no han completado sus estudios, el 52,38% son solteras y el 33% recibe apoyo de su pareja, con respecto al cuidado del niño encontramos que los niños tienen un crecimiento inadecuado en un 40%, en la evaluación nutricional según el peso /edad es normal con un 83%,una talla/normal de 90% y un peso talla normal con 88%, recibe el estímulo adecuado en un 62%, un desarrollo normal de 88% , higiene o presentación personal inadecuada en el 76%, el 86% de los niños tiene sus vacunas completas, prevención de enfermedades en un 76% y prevención y no prevención de accidentes en un 50%, se concluye que la edad de la adolescente se relaciona significativamente con el desarrollo normal , y las vacunas que recibe el niño, así como el grado de instrucción con los accidentes sufridos por el niño en su domicilio.

Este trabajo de investigación titulado cuidado del niño en madres adolescentes Microred Cono Norte cuyo objetivo: fue determinar la relación de las características de la madre adolescente y el cuidado de su niño, donde participaron 42 madres adolescentes que acuden al control de crecimiento y desarrollo de la Microred Cono Norte 2012 y para la recolección de datos se usó una encuesta llegándose a obtener los siguientes resultados, el 85,71% tiene entre 16 a 17 años aún no han completado sus estudios, el 52,38% son solteras y el 33% recibe apoyo de su pareja, con respecto al cuidado del niño encontramos que los niños tienen un crecimiento inadecuado en un 40%, en la evaluación nutricional según el peso /edad es normal con un 83%,una talla/normal de 90% y un peso talla normal con 88%, recibe el estímulo adecuado en un 62%, un desarrollo normal de 88% , higiene o presentación personal inadecuada en el 76%, el 86% de los niños tiene sus vacunas completas, prevención de enfermedades en un 76% y prevención y no prevención de accidentes en un 50%, se concluye que la edad de la adolescente se relaciona significativamente con el desarrollo normal , y las vacunas que recibe el niño, así como el grado de instrucción con los accidentes sufridos por el niño en su domicilio

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo describir, analizar y comprender las experiencias de las madres durante el desarrollo psicomotor del niño menor de dos años. Es por ello que cobra importancia la participación de la madres, quienes establecen lazos estrechos con él bebe, ejerciendo una gran influencia en el desarrollo psicomotor del niño. Las bases conceptuales se sustentaron en Wojtyla (1982), Husserl (1995), Waldow (1992), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (2011) y la norma técnica de salud para el control de crecimiento y desarrollo del niño menor de 5 años. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo con abordaje estudio de caso, el escenario fue el caserío El Potrero, siendo la muestra representativa 8 madres con niños menores de 2 años; la recolección de datos se realizó mediante la entrevista abierta a profundidad previo consentimiento informado. La información obtenida pasó por análisis de contenido de Bardini, de donde emergieron tres categorías: narrando experiencias satisfactorias, expresando limitaciones y recordando las creencias que influyeron durante del desarrollo psicomotor del niño.

This study examines the non-linear cointegrated relationship between capture production and the El Nino/La Nina index using the quantile technique proposed by Xiao (2009). According to the annual sample data of 6 Major Fishing Areas in the Pacific Ocean from 1950 to 2008, our empirical findings provide strong evidence that the cointegrating coefficients follow a time-varying process. They also imply that most of these long-run relationships are influenced by potential shocks over time rather than from maintaining a constant effect consistently. Overall, the contributions of this study not only stresses the importance of the quantile property in cointegrated models, but also provides a viewpoint on the long-run approach that the overall El Nino and La Nina act as engines for capture production.

The ocean reanalysis Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) 2.2.4 is used to explore the changes in upwelling from normal conditions to either El Nino or La Nina conditions. Physical and thermodynamic variables from the reanalysis are used to explore the structure and behavior of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The results of this analysis show that sea surface temperature (SST), entrainment velocity, wind stress, mixed layer depth, wind curl, and heat content anomalies are in general agreement with ENSO theory. Interestingly, the distribution of upwelling based on the entrainment velocity is very patchy, which led us to explore zonal and meridional sections of vertical velocity. We used three methods to compute changes in upwelling during ENSO events. The first method computes upwelling within the areas of SST anomalies during ENSO events. During El Nino events upwelling shows prominent decadal variability, while during La Nina the decadal variability is weaker. A new upwelling index is used for the second method, and upwelling is computed in the areas of strong upwelling anomalies. The variability of upwelling is higher in periods of reduced upwelling than in periods of strong upwelling. Despite the fact that the new index is computed independently, it agrees in the timing of the index used to define ENSO events for this research. The first and second methods show that the amplitude of SST anomalies and upwelling anomalies do not have a direct relationship, suggesting that upwelling does not explain all of the variance in SST. The last method used is to compute changes in upwelling in the Nino 1+2 region during ENSO events. In the east Pacific there is almost no correlation between upwelling and SST anomalies during ENSO, but this might be attributed to the fact that the Nino 1+2 region is a relatively small region compared to the Nino 3.4 region that is used to define ENSO events. In general, the time series of SST and upwelling anomalies agree well just in the cases when ENSO events are prominently in the eastern Pacific. A comparison between yearly fisheries data from Ecuador and Peru and monthly data of SST anomalies during ENSO years is presented showing that during El Nino events the fish catch decreases and during La Nina events the fish catch increases. We infer that the increase or decrease in fish catch is associated to changes in fish populations, and that these changes are mainly due to availability of nutrients and changes in temperature during ENSO events.

The dynamics of marginal seas is complex in terms of carbon dioxide absorption and release. This thesis analyzes data collected in the southern Taiwan Strait and in the South China Sea. In order to deduct the influence of temperature on the fCO2, fCO2 is normalized to the average water temperature (fCO2 mean). In the spring of 2008, in the Taiwan Strait, when salinity was smaller than approximately 33.8, measured fCO2 mean and salinity had a negative correlation; but when the salinity was higher than approximately 33.8, the correlation was positive. When salinity was smaller than apprx. 33.8, fCO2 cal. mean correlated slightly negatively to chlorophyll. This indicates that the low fCO2 cal. was not only caused by the increase of the CO2 solubility at lower temperatures, but also by the biotic photosynthesis. On the contrary, when the salinity was higher than apprx. 33.8, fCO2 cal. mean and the chlorophyll held positive correlation. It indicates that the influence of photosynthesis was reduced. In this case, the primary factor of fCO2 cal. change was due to the mixing of the high normalized dissolved inorganic carbon (NDIC=35¡ÑDIC/S) China Coastal Current with low NDIC seawater. With a raise of seawater temperature, then a decrease of the CO2 solubility, seawater became a source of carbon dioxide. In the summer of 2008, the northern South China Sea was influenced by Pearl River plume, resulting in lower fCO2 and salinity. The fCO2 of the China coast was influenced not only by the Pearl River plume, but also by the Jiulong River plume and upwelling. The Taiwan Strait water mass mainly contains the South China Sea water, a Kuroshio branch and the China Coast Current. During an El Niño year, the monsoon weakens, so that the volume of Kuroshio entering the South China Sea increases. However, for La Niña years, the monsoon strengthens, therefore the volume of the Kuroshio entering the South China Sea decreases. As a result, the Taiwan Strait water changes interannually due to different mixture of seawater of the Kuroshio and the South China Sea. The southern Taiwan Strait could be divided into the Penghu Channel and the western strait. During an El Niño summer, the Penghu Channel is occupied by waters with high temperature, salinity and pH, but low NDIC and nutrients. This is because more Kuroshio waters enter the South China Sea, then move northward to the southern Taiwan Strait. The hydrology in the Penghu Channel in normal years shows different result from season to season. In the summer, the Penghu Channel contains low temperature, salinity and pH water. In winter, waters with high salinity and pH, but low AOU, NDIC and nutrients prevail. This indicates that less Kuroshio waters enter the South China Sea in summer than in winter. The hydrology of the Penghu Channel changes decidedly from season to season in a normal year but spring, summer and fall have no clear change in the El Niño period, because more Kuroshio waters enter the South China Sea in summer. The wind effect during the El Niño period becomes weakened, have the hydrology during summer monsoon is similar to the hydrology in spring and summer. The waters of the Penghu Channel reach the highest pH, but the lowest AOU, NDIC and nutrients in winter. Older waters from upwelling move to the north in the western Strait during spring and fall in a normal year. However, during the El Niño period, possibly due to the weaker monsoon, such upwelling signal is reduced. Waters of the western strait in winter have higher temperature, salinity and pH, but lower NDIC during the El Niño period compared to a normal year. This indicates that the El Niño influences not only the Penghu Channel but also the entire southern Taiwan Strait in winter.

Actualmente pocos son los niños menores de 5 año que se controlan en el Sub-programa de Crecimiento y Desarrollo (CRED), esto es un problema grave ya que el 13% de la población total son niños menores de 5 años y la falta a sus controles ocasionarían que no se detecten posibles problemas tanto físicos como psicológicos. Como la madre cumple un rol muy importante en el cuidado del niño, esta debe tener un adecuado conocimiento. Por eso se creyó conveniente realizar un estudio sobre: “¿Cuál es el nivel de conocimiento que tienen las puerperas sobre el Crecimiento y Desarrollo de sus niños en el Centro Materno-Infantil Tablada de Lurín?”, el cual tuvo como objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento que tienen las puerperas sobre el Crecimiento y Desarrollo sus niños. Con el propósito de que se realicen programas de capacitación para las puerperas que salen de alta de dicho Centro de Salud. El método que se utilizó fue el descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por todas las puerperas en condiciones de alta. El instrumento que se utilizó fue el cuestionario mediante la técnica de la entrevista, la cual fue validada previamente mediante un juicio de expertos y sometido a la prueba piloto, para realizar la confiabilidad estadística. Posteriormente se realizó la recolección de datos propiamente dicha y luego se procesaron los datos para ser presentados en tablas estadísticas para su análisis e interpretación, llegándose a las siguientes conclusiones: Que la mayoría de puerperas poseen un conocimiento medio acerca del crecimiento y desarrollo de sus niños. / At the moment few they are the children smaller than 5 year that you/they are controlled in the Sub-program of Growth and Development (CRED), this is since a serious problem the total population's 13% they are children smaller than 5 years and the lack to their controls they would cause that possible problems are not detected so much physical as psychological. As the mother it completes a very important list in the boy's care, this he/she should have an appropriate knowledge. For that reason it did feel convenient to carry out a study on: “Which is the level of knowledge that you/they have the puerperas in pre-high on the Growth and its children's Development in the Maternal-infantile Center Tablada of Lurín?”, which had as objective: to Determine the level of knowledge that you/they have the puerperas in pre-high on the Growth and Development their children. With the purpose that they are carried out programs of training y/o education for the nurses that work in this Center of Health. The instrument that was used was the questionnaire by means of the technique of the interview, which was validated previously by means of a trial of experts and subjected to the test pilot, to carry out the statistical dependability. Later on he/she was carried out the properly this gathering of data and then the data were processed to be presented in statistical charts for their analysis and interpretation, being reached the following conclusions: That most of puerperas possesses a half knowledge about the growth and their children's development.

No description available.

Las quemaduras no sólo se caracterizan por el dolor y las secuelas que dejan en el paciente, sino también por las repercusiones que tienen en su familia. Tratando a niños quemados, el profesional de Enfermería tiene la responsabilidad de asumir un rol frente a la familia de este paciente, en particular a los padres, quienes atraviesan por alteraciones emocionales producto del accidente de su hijo, siendo una de las más frecuentes la ansiedad; problema frente al cual se requiere diseñar, planificar, ejecutar y evaluar estrategias con un enfoque psico-educativo con el objetivo de disminuir su ansiedad para que se encuentren en mejores condiciones de involucrarse como agentes del autocuidado del niño quemado. Bajo esta comprensión se desarrolló el presente estudio, el cual es de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo; cuyo método fue el cuasi experimental de un solo diseño, teniendo como variable independiente la Eficacia de un Programa Psico-Educativo y como variable dependiente el Estado de Ansiedad en Padres de Niños Quemados. La técnica fue la entrevista y el instrumento de medición fue el Inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado (IDARE) de Spielberger, la población estuvo conformada por 53 Padres de Niños Quemados hospitalizados en el Servicio de Quemados y Cirugía Reparadora del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño durante los meses Noviembre-Diciembre del 2006, la recolección de los datos se dio en dos fases, una administrativa y otra operativa. / The burns not only also characterize by the pain and the sequels that leave in the patient, but by the repercussions that they have in his family. Treating burned children, the professional of Infirmary has the responsibility to assume a roll in front of the family of this patient, in individual to the parents, who cross by emotional alterations product of the accident of their son, being one of the most frequent anxiety; problem as opposed to which it is required to design, to plan, to execute and to evaluate strategies with an psico-educative approach that allows him to deal with integrated way the family of the burned patient, with the objective to diminish its anxiety so that they are in better conditions for becoming jumbled like agents of the autocuidado one of the burned boy. Under this understanding the present study was developed, which is of aplicative level, quantitative type; whose method was cuasi experimental of a single design, having like independent variable the Effectiveness of an Psico-Educative Program and like dependent variable the State of Anxiety in Parents of Burned Children. The technique was the interview and the measuring instrument was the Inventory of Anxiety Characteristic-Be (IDARE) of Spielberger, the population was conformed by 53 Parents of Children Burned hospitalized in the Service of Burned and Repairing Surgery of the National Institute of Health of the Boy during the months November-December of the 2006, the harvesting of the data at two moments: administrative and operative.