Trots global spridning av miso produceras den sällan på regionalt odlade grödor. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka möjligheterna att producera fermenterade bönpastor med shinshu miso-karaktär på gula ärtor och korngryn. Metoden som använts i studien var litteraturstudie utförd på fyra vetenskapliga artiklar. De veteskapliga artiklarna hämtades från en databas med inriktning på måltidskunskap. Fermentering på andra grödor än de som vanligtvis används vid misoproduktion sker med goda resultat. Fermenteringstiden är avgörande för den karaktäristiska smak och färgkaraktären i miso. Gula ärtor och korngryn har ett likvärdigt näringsinnehåll med sojaböna och ris. Kort fermenteringstid ger ljus shiro miso med hög sötma, lång fermenteringstid ger mörkbrun shinshu miso med mustigare smak. Teoretisk sett borde det vara möjligt att producera långtidsfermeterade bönpastor av shinshu miso-karaktär på gula ärtor och korngryn då de har samma näringsinnehåll som sojaböna och ris. / B-uppsatser

Enzymatic hydrolysis of fish waste has been examined using proteolytic enzymes under different conditions of pH, enzyme to substrate ratio, and substrate concentration. Proteolytic enzymes have then been used to synthesise a protein-like product (plastein). The particular enzymes used in both parts of this study were bromelein, a-chymotrypsin, pepsin and papain. Reasonable yield was obtained. The yield of plastein was found as a function of substrate concentration. enzyme to substrate ratio, degree of hydrolysis and enzyme used. Generally, the plastein appeared to be odourless, yellowish to creamy in colour. tasteless and rich nutritionally. The insoluble plastein formed was washed, dried and then tested for its functional properties, particularly with respect to water absorption capacity, swelling capacity, oil absorption capacity. foam and foam stability, emulsion stability, gelatination, viscosity, and heat-setting properties. The functional properties of the plastein precursor (fw*hydrolysate) and of commercial proteins have also been examined. The dried plastein which was tested under different conditions was found not only to possess functional properties such as fat/water absorption, swelling and emulsion stability. but also excellent foaming properties were observed. Although plastein appeared to be gel-like before drying, it was, however. not able to retain its gelatinity after drying. Therefore, it would be possible to use it in a food system as an alternative to the material substituted without changing the texture (e.g. in cereal products). The viscosity of the plastein was varied under the conditions used. It was found to be mainly a function of the temperature and the concentration. Finally. it was noted that plastein shows heatsetting properties when prepared under certain conditions.

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Chloroplasts are photosynthetic organelles in plant and algal cells that capture sunlight energy to form energy-rich molecules that are the basis for almost all life. Chloroplast development requires more than 3000 different proteins, most of which are encoded by nuclear DNA. Thus, chloroplasts must import most of their proteins from the cytosol. They are surrounded by a double membrane called the envelope. Embedded in the envelope are the TOC and TIC complexes (translocon at the outer and inner envelope membrane of the chloroplast, respectively), which mediate protein import into the organelle. Several components of the TOC and TIC complexes have been identified. One example is the receptor Toc159, which in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has four isoforms: atToc159, atToc132, atToc120 and atToc90. It is known that atToc159 supports accumulation of photosynthetic proteins, while atToc132 and atToc120 support the import of non-photosynthetic, housekeeping proteins. However, the role of atToc90 remains uncertain. I investigated the function of atToc90 genetically by studying a series of Arabidopsis toc90 double and triple mutants, and by overexpressing atToc90 in mutants lacking other receptor isoforms. This work suggested limited functional redundancy between atToc90 and other TOC receptors (most notably, atToc159). By tagging TOC receptors known to act in each of the photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic import pathways, I was able to purify different TOC complexes from transgenic plants using tandem affinity purification (TAP). This indicated that atToc90 is present promiscuously in both atToc159- and atToc132/120-containing TOC complexes. Publicly available Affymetrix microarray data suggested a role for atToc90 during senescence. Thus, I investigated whether toc90 knockout mutants display any differences from wild type regarding leaf senescence. Indeed, some defects were observed, suggesting a role for atToc90 in the biochemical changes that occur in chloroplasts during leaf senescence.

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In protein engineering, rational design and selection from combinatorial libraries are methods used to develop proteins with new or improved features. A very important protein for the biological sciences is the antibody that is used as a detecting agent in numerous laboratory assays. Antibodies used for these purposes are often ”man-made”, by immunising animals with the desired target, or by selections from combinatorial libraries. Naturally, antibodies are part of the immune defence protecting us from foreign attacks from e.g. bacteria or viruses. Some bacteria have evolved surface proteins that can bind to proteins abundant in the blood, like antibodies and serum albumin. By doing so, the bacteria can cover themselves in the host’s own proteins and through that evade being detected by the immune system. Two such proteins are Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus and Protein G from group C and G Streptococci. Both these proteins contain domains that bind to antibodies, one of which is denoted C2 (from Protein G) and another B (from Protein A). The B domain have been further engineered to the Z domain. In this thesis protein engineering has been used to develop variants of the C2 and Z domains for site-specific labelling of antibodies and for antibody purification with mild elution. By taking advantage of the domains’ inherent affinity for antibodies, engineering and design of certain amino acids or protein motifs of the domains have resulted in proteins with new properties. A photo crosslinking amino acid, p-benzoylphenylalanine, have been introduced at different positions to the C2 domain, rendering three new protein domains that can be used for site-specific labelling of antibodies at the Fc or Fab fragment. These domains were used for labelling antibodies with lanthanides and used for detection in a multiplex immunoassay. Moreover, a library of calcium-binding loops was grafted onto the Z domain and used for selection of a domain that binds antibodies in a calcium dependent manner. This engineered protein domain can be used for the purification of antibodies using milder elution conditions, by calcium removal, as compared to traditional antibody purification.