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Another facet of this case concerns the restriction of the applicants' choice as regards the trade unions which they could form of their own volition. An individual does not enjoy the right to freedom of association if in reality the freedom of action or choice which remains available to him is either non-existent or so reduced as to be of no practical value. Jayawickrama The principal objective for this study is to investigate the prohibition and/or the effectiveness of freedom of association in the disciplined forces in Botswana as contrasted with the laws and practices in South Africa. The study aims to explore whether freedom of association exists in the disciplined forces of the Republic of Botswana; and if it does, how effective it is, and if it does not exist, whether such non-existence infringes the human rights of the disciplined forces to enjoy the fundamental rights to form and join trade unions of their choice as provided for in section 13(1) of the Constitution of Botswana. The study finds that the right to form or belong to a trade union 1s an absolute right in terms of section 13(1) of the Constitution. The study therefore surmises that the exclusion of trade unions in the disciplined forces of Botswana is not reasonably justified in a democratic society, thereby rendering section 24 of the Police Act, section 35 of the Prisons Act and Regulation 75 of the Botswana Defense Force unconstitutional. / Thesis (LLM) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

<p>In this dissertation, I examine three questions on gender and labor economics. The first two questions are inspired by a broad literature in social psychology which has established that respondents react negatively when women engage in traditionally masculine actions in the workplace (Heilman and Chen 2005; Heilman, Wallen, Fuchs, and Tamkins 2004; Rudman and Glick 1999; Rudman 1998; Rudman and Glick 2001; Bowles, Babcock, and Lai 2006; Amanatullah and Morris 2010). This negative reaction is described as a "backlash effect" (Bowles, Babcock, and Lai 2006).</p><p>I test two hypotheses related to this literature. First, I examine if resumes that use masculine adjectives inspire backlash against female job applicants in a laboratory setting and if this backlash varies by the sexual orientation of the applicant. Second, I take the question of backlash outside of a laboratory environment to see if real employers have the same response as respondents in a laboratory to traditionally masculine actions. In a laboratory setting, I replicate the backlash effect and also show that it only affects perceived-heterosexual women. In a resume audit study, I find the reverse of a backlash effect: employers call back women who use traditionally masculine adjectives more than when they use traditionally feminine adjectives.</p><p>The third question examines the time men spent on childcare during the recession of 2007-2009. The recession provides a sudden change in the employment opportunities of men relative to women in the United States. Using the American Time Use Survey and the linked Current Population Survey, I show that this lopsided shock to employment opportunities was accompanied by an increase in the average amount of time men spent on childcare. In particular, men's average time on physical care for children increased during the recession; this is an element of childcare that men perform less than women. I decompose the total change in average time on childcare into behavioral, compositional, and between group change. A behavioral change among employed men accounted for the majority of the total increase in the average time spent on childcare; among men who are out of the labor force, the increase is entirely due to compositional changes.</p> / Dissertation

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

The aim of this study is to investigate, examine, and establish the nature and process of labour migration from the Sudan for work in other countries, as well as to assess the causes of this labour movement, and its implications for the economy of the Sudan, the individual migrant, and non-migrant. Sudanese migration is basically to the Arab oil producing and exporting countries, and it is relatively recent. Although this migration is highly selective, it involves differen~ types of labour; . unskilled, skilled, highly skilled as well as employed and unemployed labour. This study has shown that the 'pull' factors of migration exerted more pressure on the movement of labour than the 'push' factors prevailing in the Sudan. The increased demand for labour in the oil countries resulted in higher earnings in these countries relative to those in the Sudan. Income. differentials between the Sudan and immigration countries, as well as fluctuations in the level of gross domestic investment in these countries are the most significant variables in explaining migration from the Sudan. The effects of this migration on the economy of the Sudan are not entirely positive. The country has been able to export some of its unemployed labour force and gain some foreign exchange through migrants' remittances. However, because of the rapidly increasing migration rate and the skill composition of migrants, significant labour shortages could occur to the extent of considerable output losses, if migration continued at the present rate and composition. The individual migrant and his family at home, however, are able to derive substantial monetary gains as a result of this migration.

The dissertation evaluates changes in child labor practices in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria during the colonial period from the 1880s to the 1950s. The argument concludes that child labor was part of a socializing, educational, and survival strategy prior to colonial conquest. British policies influenced by civilizing mission ideology and indirect rule fundamentally altered the relationship between children and their families. Child labor in Nigeria's cultural context was neither completely exploitative nor beneficial, but had the capacity to affect children in both ways depending on specific circumstances. Child labor initially existed in the context of the kinship group, but during the first half of the twentieth century child labor increasingly became an independent strategy outside the confines of the kinship environment, which was a direct result of social and economic change. The research underscores the central position of child labor in the Nigerian economy and the British colonial agenda. Towards the end of colonial rule, child labor issues composed part of the anti-colonial movement as it assisted discontent elites to gain support beyond coastal cities. / text

This dissertation examines the politics of labor, gender, and heritage in Turkey's carpet industry, drawing on thirteen months of comparative, multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork among carpet weavers, manufacturers, designers, exporters, and tourists. The project contributes to the debates on globalization of work and labor, in particular stressing the importance of gendered and place-specific analyses of discourses, practices and material flows. It also argues for a historically situated, genealogical understanding of agency and subject formation through the nature of relationships that develop between the actors participating in the Turkish carpet industry and the ways in which both transparency and secrecy are employed as strategies of survival within diverse sites of production and sale by culturally-defined agents.As Turkey implements social reforms vying for membership to the European Union, the culmination point of the modernization and secularization processes that started even before the formation of the nation-state, the structural economic shifts result in increasingly complex gendered power relations and negotiations in Turkey's carpet industry. This dissertation argues that a detailed analysis of Turkish carpet industry in global economic competition discloses that globalization needs to be understood as a productive discursive practice that is heavily implicated in disciplinary programs and in the ubiquity of power politics that define and justify productivity and liberalism as emancipatory universals to be emulated and ultimately reached. Yet, as this study shows, both men and women taking part in the Turkish carpet industry actively participate in several balancing acts that traversed presupposed boundaries such as public and private, informal and formal and were experienced in thresholds that constantly questioned these naturalized boundaries. Investment in fictive kinship ties as well as friendships proposed relations that depended on networks of allegiances assembled with bonds of obligation and proper ethical conduct, which resisted easy incorporation into globalist, liberal narratives of "free" individuals and workers dis-embedded from the local and assembled into the global.

No description available.

This paper examines the gender gap in human capital investment in India from the perspective of intra-household bargaining. I test whether the existing gender disparity in bargaining power, in the form of educational attainment of parents, contributes to the differences in educational expenditure between sons and daughters. As the proxy for bargaining power, fathers’ and mothers’ educational attainments both have a positive impact on the human capital investment for the children, but the gender gap widens with fathers’ education and narrows with mothers’. The results are robust controlling for additional variables such as age, number of siblings, household income, caste and location. These findings suggest that mothers may have a preference for daughters’ education. When their bargaining power rises, families tend to spend more equal amounts on the education of daughters and sons. Policies aiming at improving gender equality in education should take into account the decision-making process.