No description available.

<p>I denna uppsats undersöks vilka skillnader och likheter som finns mellan svensk och rysk arbetslagstiftning och rättsläget gällande uppsägningar från arbetsgivarens sida. Studien omfattar tre viktiga moment när arbetsgivarens frihet begränsas i ett uppsägningsförfarande. Med dessa moment avses de villkor som måste iakttas för att en arbetsgivare ska kunna säga upp en eller flera arbetstagare, de procedurregler som gäller inför en uppsägning och de formerna av anställningsskydd som garanteras arbetstagarna i samband med en uppsägning.</p><p> </p><p>Slutsatsen av undersökningen är att svensk och rysk arbetsrätt visar upp flera gemensamma drag och att dessa beror på att ländernas regleringar utgått från samma minimikrav i ILO:s konventioner. Studien visar också på betydande olikheter. Exempelvis saknar några av de regler som utgör själva kärnan i det svenska anställningsskyddet vid uppsägningar någon motsvarighet i rysk arbetsrättslagstiftning.</p><p> </p><p>Dessutom bidrar den brist på enhetlig reglering i den ryska lagstiftningen att skillnader i fråga om anställningsskydd uppstår till nackdel för arbetstagare. I förhållande till svensk arbetslagstiftning är därmed den ryska arbetslagstiftningen sämre ur arbetstagarsynpunkt.</p>

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2009.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University.

No description available.

From the outbreak of unemployment in Poland in 1990, through the long recession and current macroeconomic revival, the regional pattern of unemployment remained remarkably unchanged. The thesis takes a micro-econometric approach to the issue, using the Polish Labour Force Survey, 1994-'97. It is found that persistence in regional patterns of unemployment is determined mainly by continuously higher flows of workers from employment to unemployment, rather than by lower flows out of unemployment in high unemployment regions. Thus, it would be wrong to think of high unemployment", regions simply as pockets of especially long duration unemployment. Moreover, the rate of inflow from employment to unemployment is significantly correlated with the degree of structural change. The econometric analysis concentrates on the outflows from employment to unemployment. The estimates are based on survival models with flexible baseline hazard. The first important finding is that, controlling for personal and environmental characteristics, there are significant differences in the probability of flowing into unemployment from a job for prime-aged workers (aged 25 through 44) in high and low unemployment regions. This age-effect is predominant over any other effect if one decomposes the mean and coefficient differences. When the focus is on prime-aged workers, structural change, as driven by the restructuring, and privatisation process of state owned firms in the manufacturing sector, becomes apparent. Especially strong is the difference in the probability of flowing into unemployment in industries with a high intensity of labour, independent of the level of physical and human capital, detected applying the Neven taxonomy. They provide their -employees with particularly secure jobs in low, but not in high unemployment regions. This 'result is consistent with hat of occupations with different skills. The semi-skilled workers, manual and non-manual, have a much lower probability of job loss than that of skilled workers in low unemployment regions. Education attainment provides a better defence against unemployment in high unemployment regions. Other individual-specific factors, such as gender and marital status, show no regional differences. Furthermore, a development in the method of analysing the effects of structural change on unemployment is proposed. How much of the inflow gap and, ultimately, the unemployment gap between the top and bottom groups of voivodships is due to economic structural change? In the case of Poland, the analysis suggests an upper bound of about three-quarters

The local labour market has gained increased importance in the UK in recent years, as a focus for policy formulation and implementation. However, the local labour market is often illdefined in spatial terms, with the defmition being implicit rather than explicit, or standard administrative areas are used without any reasoned justification. Alternatively, within the UK, standard pre-defined areas, most usually official travel-to-work-areas (TTWAs) , are adopted as suitable proxies for local labour market areas. Recent concerns have been raised in the UK regarding the validity of this approach in many cases, and this was a feature of the 1998 review of the TrW As within the UK. To counter these diverse approaches, with the consequent implications for the efficacy of spatially targeted labour market policies, a definition of idealised spatial labour market areas is constructed. Further to this, a large-scale empirical analysis of commuting information from the Scottish results of the 1991 Census of Population is undertaken, to test whether idealised spatial labour markets can be identified for distinct occupational groups, disaggregated by gender. The results of the analysis confirm the improbability of achieving idealised spatial labour market definitions using commuting data. However, it is suggested that introducing a common metric for the definition of spatial labour markets should have a beneficial effect in terms of transparency of analysis and consistency of approach. Such a metric would make explicit the suitability of an area for consideration as a spatial labour market, and would include notions both of self-containment and internal coherence. It is contended that such an approach would be more flexible than the current approach using standard areas. It also has the potential to incorporate separate analyses for different gender, occupational groups, ethnicity or other personal characteristics, whilst still retaining many of the key concepts and measures which underpinned the development of TTWAs.

The newspaper journalist has an important part to play in modern society. One of the influences bearing upon the effectiveness with which he plays his part is his economic relationship with his employer, the newspaper proprietor. An analysis is made of the British newspaper industry's current problems, with a brief economic history of the industry since 1850, as a background against which this relationship must be Tiewed. The characteristics of the industry and of journalists as employees are considered. The trade associations concerned in this relationship are described, with a history of their development since their beginnings in the 19th and early 20th centuries. federations on the employers' and the employees' sides are mentioned and" the Joint Industrial Council. The rivalry between the Institute of Journalists and the National Union of Journalists is recounted, including efforts at amalgamation and current disagreements, such as the 'closed shop' and affiliation with the T.U.C. The sources of income of newspaper journalists are investigated and this income compared with that of the members of certain other locations, crafts and professions. An account is given of wage rates and wage negotiations fro~ 1900 to the present day; and of the recognition, by the proprietorial organisations, of the Institute of Journalists and the National Union of Journalists. The main disputes and negotiations during this period, other than those concerned with wages, are also described, with reference to hours, holidays, sick pay, pensions, unemployment, apprentice agreements and restriction of entry. Mention 1s made of the General Strike (1926) and the Royal commission on the Press (1947 to 1949). An evaluation is attempted of the journalist's economic progress since the beginning of the century; of his status in the community and in the newspaper industry; and of the problems facing him and his employers in the immediate future.

The thesis contains blO very distinct parts . The first and longer segment att empts to test a number of hypotheses concerning the relationship between the propensity to strike o f certain industrial workers and ·their ' social power ' . Various measures of power, based upon published or easily accessible information , were used in three industr ial organisations v.'hj ch ""ere taken to be representative o f t he coal mining , docks 'and woollen industries, On the bC'\sis of this work , it \Vas thought possibl e to construe the elementary form a nd content of the ' objective power structure ' o f each company . Intervi el'ling took p ace in a colli ery and on docks premises ... lith nround 200 workers , . their r eprescntative~ and management in an attempt to assess the d ' mensions of the 'subj ectj.ve power structure ' . The results of the interviewing were thought explicable only in terms of a model of two social processes acting in contr adiction~ one ""ith the other . 'l'he f i rst part is drawn t o a close with a consideration of the theoretical and practical conc lusions to which the empirical work has led . In the ~ho;rter ' se Gond segt1'\ent , the f i.1;'st p~r t is subjected to an ' autocriti,!ue' i.n which an attack is launched on the whole empirical enterprise not jus.t .. as .eyidenced in this thesis but in social science in gener a l . An alternative to ' e~~iricism ' is suggested which, if taken up, ~,ould lead to very different kinds of work being done in the social sciences . In particular, the adoption of 'realism ' (of the kind advocated) would preclude all empirical research of the type upon which the thesis largely rests. This second part is dr a~m to conclusion by a suggestion that it is unlikely that a realist philosophy of science will be widely adopted for a number of deep-seated institutional reasons.

This thesis reports on a study of seasonal employment in the tourist industry of Devon and Cornwall. The study is based upon official data, employer interviews and interviews with seasonal workers in eight organisations during the Su7n r of 1983. In the Summer months, the tourist industry is of considerable importance in the area both from a general economic point of view as well as a provider of employment. The real benefit of seasonal employment is, however, questioned sirce such large groups of people are left without work during the Winter months. Furthermore, working conditions for seasonal workers are poor from all points of view: working time, pay, training opportunities, Job security and promotion possibilities. High unemployment in the labour market and the personal characteristics of the sample makes for difficulties in obtaining more permanent work. Low expectations, aspirations and self-confidence towards work thus reflect a realistic attitude within this group, mostly working seasonally on a regular basis. Working conditions, prospects and the personal characteristics of the workers suggest that seasonal workers are firmly in a secondary position in the labour market. The sample suggests seasonal work more often being undertaken by women and that there are skews towards the younger and older age groups. The relatively high skill level of the sample indicates discrimination on the basis of ascriptive characteristics. Personal resources and the lack of worker collectives provide few opportunities for change. This is made more serious through seasonal work being largely hidden in statistics and unregistered by official agencies. Generally employment legislation and statutory rights are made with either the permanent worker or the fully unemployed in mind. For employers, this situation provides for a malleable, cheaý and flexible labour force that can be tapped- and untapped at will. Although working conditions are not necessarily better during an economic boom, recession ensures that the labour reserve willing to work under such conditions is large. With continued recession, the incentives for cost-conscious employers to make use of cheap and flexible labour through casual or temporary employment may increase in a range of employment situations such as education, home-working and sub-contracting. Both public policy suggestions and employer incentives encourage such a trend. Although there are problems with generalising too widely from the data here, some effects of temporary or casual work contracts would apply universally. The study has taken a small step towards identifying such effects.