This study concerns the organized activity of African American railroad workers in Deep South states such as Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana. The study opens with a broad discussion of wage labour as an aspect of the political economy of the Mississippi Delta and the Piney Woods of Mississippi. By establishing wage labour as a vital aspect of the Deep South economy, the opening chapter sets the scene for the main discussion on the activities of African American railroad workers. This study shows that African American railroad workers protested various racial impositions on them, including their exclusion from white dominated craft unions within the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the ongoing push from white railroad trainmen to have them removed from lucrative posts in the train service, as well as railroad employers’ insistence on keeping them as lowly paid substitutes for white labour. They also took good advantage of federal wartime control over the railroads to challenge prejudiced notions of their skills and experience as workers. African American railroaders were persistent fighters for fair employment practices well before the legendary A. Philip Randolph came on the scene. They engaged their employers and white workers in varying ways. African American railroad shopmen did not hesitate to join subordinate locals of the white-dominated craft unions in the AFL. They participated with white shopmen in the important railroad shop strikes of 1911 and 1922. Their counterparts in the train service tended to build independent organisations and used subtle forms of protest such as letters, petitions and legal suits in preference to strike action. Although organized African American trainmen used seemingly unconfrontational approaches to making their grievances heard, the study cautions against the presumption that these organizations were either weak or unassertive. Careful organisation and preparation for a court appearance or filing a petition with an employer such as the Illinois Central, involved a collective will that cannot be pigeonholed within a dichotomy of militancy versus conformity. African American railroad workers resisted their domination and exploitation on railroads in the Deep South by building effective organizations often within the fold of the AFL. Acknowledgements The road toward this dissertation has been a journey that has seen my transformation from a dilettantish South African intellectual to a serious-minded historian of African American labour and social history. This transformation has neither been a huge nor dramatic leap. Thanks to my thesis supervisor Rick Halpern, with his own interest in collaborative research on race and labour in the U.S and South Africa, I have constantly been aware of the spiritual affinity between the struggles of African Americans for democratic freedoms in the U.S and African people’s struggles against racial domination in South Africa. I have gained enormously from the sure guidance of my committee - Rick Halpern, Dan Bender and Michael Wayne. Rick has been the perfect mentor and thesis supervisor. He supported me in finding focus for my ideas and ensured that I maintained meticulous attention to detail and allowed me to pursue my intellectual goals independently. Dan has been there to provide supportive feedback with sharp insights into the various ways I could widen the horizon of the possible uses of sometimes unyielding primary resource material. Michael has alerted me to the necessity of clear and effective writing, and during my time working with him as a teaching assistant, he was a model of eloquence in teaching. I am grateful for the advice and direction I received from other scholars working in the field of Southern labour and social history, including Michael Honey, Laurie Beth Green, Charles W. Crawford and Eric Arnesen. Eric’s pioneering work on race and labour on U.S railroads has provided this study a key point of critical engagement. I wish to acknowledge my intellectual debt to his skilfully-handled work on relations between African American and white workers in the early twentieth century South. Numerous librarians and archivists inevitably had a hand in the completion of this study. At the University of Toronto’s Robarts Library, I’m especially grateful to Jane L. Lynch, resource sharing specialist, for her quiet but ever efficient support. Retired director of the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives at Cornell University, Richard Strassberg guided me to the best available material on railroad labour. Richard also spent time chatting and sharing his wide knowledge of the field of U. S labour history. He was on hand to steer me away from too hasty judgements that could have led me down quite unfruitful research paths. Kheel Center staff, reference archivist Patrizia Sione and administrative assistant Melissa Holland gave assistance with a generosity that went beyond the call of duty. Other archivists who provided attentiveness and outstanding service include: Ed Frank, curator at the Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Library; Walter B. Hill of the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, DC; Guy Hall at the South-eastern region office of the National Archives and Records Administration in Morrow, Georgia; and G. Wayne Dowdy at the Shelby County Public Library in Memphis. Various archivists at the Shelby County Archives, Memphis, Tennessee; at the Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois; and the Mississippi Department of Archives & History in Jackson, Mississippi, also deserve special mention for their responsiveness and enthusiasm to provide support. My debts, even before the outset of research for this project are numerous. Thanks to the University of Toronto for the fellowship funds and the research travel grants that have sustained me throughout my time as a graduate student. The love, care and patience of my partner Darryl Gershater has been indispensable in helping me keep perspective during my early years in Toronto when the environment seemed frosty and alienating. The completion of this dissertation is by no means sufficient or just compensation for her devotion and tireless support, or for the loss of dreams that she has had to set aside while I drilled away at my studies. I am deeply appreciative of the Gershater family, especially Adele, Josh and Lee-Anne. Their friendship and the tenderness of their home have helped me find in Canada a place of belonging and hope. Personal debts that I particularly wish to mention include Peter Alexander and Carolyn O’Reilly in Johannesburg, South Africa, who encouraged me to apply for the PhD programme in History at the University of Toronto. Stephen Greenberg, Stacey Haahjem and Tina Smith, your steady friendship over the distance of oceans has been a vital source of inspiration. I wish also to thank Bill Freund, emeritus professor in Economic History at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, for his advice, persisting confidence and long-standing support. I am grateful also to Peter Brock, the late founder of the University of Toronto’s Carmen Brock Fellowship. Though Peter has not seen this project to the end, he always checked on my progress with a warmth and friendship that I always cherish. I wish finally to mention two people who remind me that even strangers in a bitter and estranged world are capable of basic kindliness. Elton Weaver, a PhD graduate in the History Department at Memphis State University, shines out as an example of African American fraternal feeling and openness. Katherine Bowers, a graduate student in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literature, Northwestern University, Chicago, treated me to the friendliest atmosphere I could possibly have expected over the month of my stay in Chicago. To my mother, Doris Kelly, and my brood of siblings, nieces and nephews back in South Africa – you are with me on this excursion into a small part of the past of a people – African Americans – whom I believe do share with you and others back home, a common resource of spirit and optimism in the face of great adversity.

Abstract The purpose of this essay is to investigate the priority rules in the event of termination due to redundancy, the rules functions according to the Swedish labour market and which other alternatives that exist besides the priority rules. The alternatives to the priority rules which are introduced in the essay are the Danish Flexicurity-model and a proposal from the Långtidsutredningen 2011. The rule of priority is a very controversial law at the Swedish labour market, which makes the essay also describing the criticism against the rules. The criticism that the essay presents claims that the rules of priority contribute to immobility effects for particularly older employees. Further on the essay presents the criticism towards the rules, that they disadvantage young employees on the labour market.  The essay investigates also what the researchers say about the criticism. The results that are presented in the essay points to the fact that the rules of priority contributes to the immobility effects of employees but the rules can not be claimed to be the only reason. Further factor seems so to be at least as important, like the economic situation. It seems to be more obvious that the rules of priority disadvantage young employees on the labour market. The results seems at the same time to be showing the difficulties that exist with employment security, since the increased safety for one group of employees is expensed because of another group. Concerning the alternatives to the priority rules, it’s discussed which possible consequences the alternatives may cause and what differentials they might imply compared to the rules of priority that exists today. / Sammanfattning Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka turordningsreglerna vid uppsägning på grund arbetsbrist, hur reglerna påverkar den svenska arbetsmarknaden samt vilka alternativ det finns till turordningsreglerna. De alternativ till turordningsreglerna som presenteras är Danmarks flexicurity-modell samt ett förslag som presenterats i Långtidsutredningen 2011. Reglerna om turordning är kanske den mest omdiskuterade lagstiftningen på den svenska arbetsmarknaden vilket gör att uppsatsen även redogör för den kritik som riktats mot reglerna. Den kritik som uppsatsen tar upp påstår att turordningsreglerna bidrar till inlåsningseffekter för framförallt äldre arbetstagare. Vidare presenteras kritiken mot att yngre arbetstagare missgynnas på arbetsmarknaden på grund av turordningsreglerna. Uppsatsen utreder även vad forskningen säger angående den kritik som presenteras. De resultat som presenteras i uppsatsen pekar på turordningsreglerna bidrar till att arbetstagare blir inlåsta i sina arbeten men att det inte enbart går hävda att det är turordningsreglerna som är avgörande. Ytterligare faktorer tycks vara minst lika betydelsefulla, såsom konjunkturläge. Mer tydligt verkar turordningsreglerna bidra till att ungdomar missgynnas på arbetsmarknaden. Samtidigt visar resultatet i uppsatsen vilka svårigheter som finns gällande anställningsskydd, eftersom ett starkare skydd för en viss grupp av arbetskraften sker på bekostnad av en annan. Beträffande de alternativ till turordningsreglerna som presenteras i uppsatsen diskuteras det vilka konsekvenser detta kan tänkas medföra och vilken skillnad de skulle innebära jämfört med dagens regler.

This study concerns the organized activity of African American railroad workers in Deep South states such as Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana. The study opens with a broad discussion of wage labour as an aspect of the political economy of the Mississippi Delta and the Piney Woods of Mississippi. By establishing wage labour as a vital aspect of the Deep South economy, the opening chapter sets the scene for the main discussion on the activities of African American railroad workers. This study shows that African American railroad workers protested various racial impositions on them, including their exclusion from white dominated craft unions within the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the ongoing push from white railroad trainmen to have them removed from lucrative posts in the train service, as well as railroad employers’ insistence on keeping them as lowly paid substitutes for white labour. They also took good advantage of federal wartime control over the railroads to challenge prejudiced notions of their skills and experience as workers. African American railroaders were persistent fighters for fair employment practices well before the legendary A. Philip Randolph came on the scene. They engaged their employers and white workers in varying ways. African American railroad shopmen did not hesitate to join subordinate locals of the white-dominated craft unions in the AFL. They participated with white shopmen in the important railroad shop strikes of 1911 and 1922. Their counterparts in the train service tended to build independent organisations and used subtle forms of protest such as letters, petitions and legal suits in preference to strike action. Although organized African American trainmen used seemingly unconfrontational approaches to making their grievances heard, the study cautions against the presumption that these organizations were either weak or unassertive. Careful organisation and preparation for a court appearance or filing a petition with an employer such as the Illinois Central, involved a collective will that cannot be pigeonholed within a dichotomy of militancy versus conformity. African American railroad workers resisted their domination and exploitation on railroads in the Deep South by building effective organizations often within the fold of the AFL. Acknowledgements The road toward this dissertation has been a journey that has seen my transformation from a dilettantish South African intellectual to a serious-minded historian of African American labour and social history. This transformation has neither been a huge nor dramatic leap. Thanks to my thesis supervisor Rick Halpern, with his own interest in collaborative research on race and labour in the U.S and South Africa, I have constantly been aware of the spiritual affinity between the struggles of African Americans for democratic freedoms in the U.S and African people’s struggles against racial domination in South Africa. I have gained enormously from the sure guidance of my committee - Rick Halpern, Dan Bender and Michael Wayne. Rick has been the perfect mentor and thesis supervisor. He supported me in finding focus for my ideas and ensured that I maintained meticulous attention to detail and allowed me to pursue my intellectual goals independently. Dan has been there to provide supportive feedback with sharp insights into the various ways I could widen the horizon of the possible uses of sometimes unyielding primary resource material. Michael has alerted me to the necessity of clear and effective writing, and during my time working with him as a teaching assistant, he was a model of eloquence in teaching. I am grateful for the advice and direction I received from other scholars working in the field of Southern labour and social history, including Michael Honey, Laurie Beth Green, Charles W. Crawford and Eric Arnesen. Eric’s pioneering work on race and labour on U.S railroads has provided this study a key point of critical engagement. I wish to acknowledge my intellectual debt to his skilfully-handled work on relations between African American and white workers in the early twentieth century South. Numerous librarians and archivists inevitably had a hand in the completion of this study. At the University of Toronto’s Robarts Library, I’m especially grateful to Jane L. Lynch, resource sharing specialist, for her quiet but ever efficient support. Retired director of the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives at Cornell University, Richard Strassberg guided me to the best available material on railroad labour. Richard also spent time chatting and sharing his wide knowledge of the field of U. S labour history. He was on hand to steer me away from too hasty judgements that could have led me down quite unfruitful research paths. Kheel Center staff, reference archivist Patrizia Sione and administrative assistant Melissa Holland gave assistance with a generosity that went beyond the call of duty. Other archivists who provided attentiveness and outstanding service include: Ed Frank, curator at the Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Library; Walter B. Hill of the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, DC; Guy Hall at the South-eastern region office of the National Archives and Records Administration in Morrow, Georgia; and G. Wayne Dowdy at the Shelby County Public Library in Memphis. Various archivists at the Shelby County Archives, Memphis, Tennessee; at the Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois; and the Mississippi Department of Archives & History in Jackson, Mississippi, also deserve special mention for their responsiveness and enthusiasm to provide support. My debts, even before the outset of research for this project are numerous. Thanks to the University of Toronto for the fellowship funds and the research travel grants that have sustained me throughout my time as a graduate student. The love, care and patience of my partner Darryl Gershater has been indispensable in helping me keep perspective during my early years in Toronto when the environment seemed frosty and alienating. The completion of this dissertation is by no means sufficient or just compensation for her devotion and tireless support, or for the loss of dreams that she has had to set aside while I drilled away at my studies. I am deeply appreciative of the Gershater family, especially Adele, Josh and Lee-Anne. Their friendship and the tenderness of their home have helped me find in Canada a place of belonging and hope. Personal debts that I particularly wish to mention include Peter Alexander and Carolyn O’Reilly in Johannesburg, South Africa, who encouraged me to apply for the PhD programme in History at the University of Toronto. Stephen Greenberg, Stacey Haahjem and Tina Smith, your steady friendship over the distance of oceans has been a vital source of inspiration. I wish also to thank Bill Freund, emeritus professor in Economic History at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, for his advice, persisting confidence and long-standing support. I am grateful also to Peter Brock, the late founder of the University of Toronto’s Carmen Brock Fellowship. Though Peter has not seen this project to the end, he always checked on my progress with a warmth and friendship that I always cherish. I wish finally to mention two people who remind me that even strangers in a bitter and estranged world are capable of basic kindliness. Elton Weaver, a PhD graduate in the History Department at Memphis State University, shines out as an example of African American fraternal feeling and openness. Katherine Bowers, a graduate student in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literature, Northwestern University, Chicago, treated me to the friendliest atmosphere I could possibly have expected over the month of my stay in Chicago. To my mother, Doris Kelly, and my brood of siblings, nieces and nephews back in South Africa – you are with me on this excursion into a small part of the past of a people – African Americans – whom I believe do share with you and others back home, a common resource of spirit and optimism in the face of great adversity.

No description available.

Genom att välja de länder inom EU som kan tänkas ha störst inverkan inför framtidens EU-rätt försöker vi urskilja genom arbetsrättshistorien vad det finns för traditioner när det gäller sedvänjor, arbetarrörelser och arbetsrätt. Uppsatsen är en komparativ studie för att belysa de fyra ländernas olikheter och likheter. Dessutom försöka analysera orsaker och orsakssamband. De länder som studeras närmare i uppsatsen är Sverige, Tyskland, Frankrike och Storbritannien. Ett av länderna var först med att lagstifta kollektivavtalet och det var redan i slutet av 1800-talet. Övriga länder följde efter i början av 1900-talet. Sedan hur de har valt på olika sätt tillämpa och utveckla arbetsrätten. Vissa har haft kraftig turbulens i form av krig, andra kanske har haft större inslag av socialism eller av liberalism. Det finns tänkbara förklaringar till varför det ser ut som det gör i modern arbetsrätt. Sverige har gett kollektivavtalet en tyngre funktion i samhället medan Frankrike har valt att tillämpa en minimilagstiftning. Storbritannien har valt att inte bruka kollektivavtalet, så avtalet kan sägas ha blivit obsolet. Tyskland har förmånlighetsprincipen vilket innebär att det mer fördelaktiga villkoret ska vara gällande. Sedan har vi allmängiltighetsförklaring av kollektivavtal som täcker en bransch eller geografiskt område och som även används på utländsk arbetskraft/företag. I och med den fria arbetskraftsinvandringen och EU-rätten, är den förenlig med de nationella sedvänjorna och arbetsrättskulturen. Det finns olika alternativa lösningar för att lösa anställningsvillkoren, med eller utan statlig inblandning. Sverige har överlåtit den delen till parterna att förhandla om, medan Tyskland och Frankrike väljer mer statliga interventioner och viss del förhandlingar och slutligen Storbritannien väljer man inget av dem. Det finns också skillnader och likheter i hur länderna tillämpar stridsåtgärder på arbetsmarknaden och den här studien behandlar frågan i olika avsnitt med avsikt att få en fördjupad kunskap om ämnet.   Uppsatsen ger också en historisk bakgrund till de olika länderna rättsuppbyggnad, för att öka förståelsen för varför ser ut som det gör idag.

Trade unionism in Orissa state

Trade unionism in Orissa state

I denna uppsats undersöks vilka skillnader och likheter som finns mellan svensk och rysk arbetslagstiftning och rättsläget gällande uppsägningar från arbetsgivarens sida. Studien omfattar tre viktiga moment när arbetsgivarens frihet begränsas i ett uppsägningsförfarande. Med dessa moment avses de villkor som måste iakttas för att en arbetsgivare ska kunna säga upp en eller flera arbetstagare, de procedurregler som gäller inför en uppsägning och de formerna av anställningsskydd som garanteras arbetstagarna i samband med en uppsägning.   Slutsatsen av undersökningen är att svensk och rysk arbetsrätt visar upp flera gemensamma drag och att dessa beror på att ländernas regleringar utgått från samma minimikrav i ILO:s konventioner. Studien visar också på betydande olikheter. Exempelvis saknar några av de regler som utgör själva kärnan i det svenska anställningsskyddet vid uppsägningar någon motsvarighet i rysk arbetsrättslagstiftning.   Dessutom bidrar den brist på enhetlig reglering i den ryska lagstiftningen att skillnader i fråga om anställningsskydd uppstår till nackdel för arbetstagare. I förhållande till svensk arbetslagstiftning är därmed den ryska arbetslagstiftningen sämre ur arbetstagarsynpunkt.

No description available.

This study examines the process by which the British Labour Party is transformed into New Labour Party, under the leadership of Tony Blair. Tony Blair declared that the Labour Party Government was elected as New Labour and that they would be govern as New Labour in 1997. How did Tony Blair as leader seek to define New Labour to win an election for the Labour Party after four successive defeats? ¡§New Labour¡¨ the term used to describe the project of Tony Blair to continue the modernization of the Labour Party to enable it to win power. ¡§New Labour¡¨ attempted to break with ¡§Old Labour¡¨ by revising Clause ¢¼ of the Party Constitution, introduced direct democracy to rediscover their members, rebuild the party structure and policy-making process, weakening links with the trades unions, and accepting the Thatcherism agenda of lower levels of social protection and deregulated labour market. ¡§New Labour¡¨ went on to gain a landslide victory in the 1997 election, but there were criticism that ¡§New Labour¡¨ had abandoned the historic aim of an equal society.